Philadelphia - Wikipedia

Größte Stadt in Pennsylvania, Vereinigte Staaten

Konsolidierter Stadtbezirk in den Vereinigten Staaten

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Stadt Philadelphia
Etymologie: Altgriechisch: φίλος phílos Geliebter, lieber) und ἀδελφός adelphós (Bruder, Bruder)
Spitzname (n):
Motto (s): "Philadelphia maneto" ("Lass brüderliche Liebe aushalten" oder " ... weiter ") [2] [3]
Interaktive Karte von Philadelphia
Koordinaten: 39 ° 57′10 ″ N 75 ° 09′49 ″ W. / 39,95278 ° N 75,16361 ° W / 39,95278; -75,16361 Koordinaten: 39 ° 57′10 ″ N 75 ° 09′49 ″ W / 39,95278 ° N 75.16361 ° W / [19456539] 39,95278; -75.16361
Land	USA
Commonwealth	Pennsylvania
Grafschaft	Grafschaft Philadelphia
Historische Länder	Königreich England Königreich von Großbritannien Großbritannien
Historische Kolonie	Königreich Großbritannien Provinz Pennsylvania
Gegründet	27. Oktober 1682
Incorporated	25. Oktober 1701
Gegründet von	William Penn
] Regierung
• Typ	Bürgermeister-Rat, konsolidierter Stadtbezirk
• Körper	Philadelphia Stadtrat
• Bürgermeister	Jim Kenney (D)
• Gebiet
• Konsolidierte Stadt-Grafschaft	369,62 km 2 )
• Land	347,52 km 2 )
• Wasser
22,09 km 2 )
Höhe	39 m (12 m)
Bevölkerung
• Konsolidierter Stadtkreis	1,580,863
• Rang	US-Stadt: 6.
• Dichte	11.781,7 / Quadratmeilen (4.549,0 / km 2 )
• Metro	6.096.120 (USA: 8.) [4]
• CSA	7.206.807 (USA: 8.) [5]
Zeitzone	UTC-5 (EST)
• Sommer (DST)	UTC-4 (EDT)
Postleitzahl	19092-19093, 19099 , 191xx
Vorwahlnummern	215, 267, 445
FIPS-Code	42-60000
GNIS-Feature-ID	1215531 [7] [7] [196559032] ] Großer Flughafen	Philadelphia International Airport
Interstates		US Routen
Commuter rail	SEPTA Regional Rail, NJ Transit
] Rapid Transit	Broad Street Line, Markt - Frankford Line, PATCO Speedline
Website	www.phila.gov

Philadelphia manchmal umgangssprachlich als Philly bekannt die größte Stadt im US-Bundesstaat und Commonwealth von Pennsylvania und die sechstbevölkerungsreichste US-Stadt mit einer Volkszählung von 2017 (1.580.863). ^[6] Seit 1854 ist die Stadt mit Philadelphia befreundet County, der bevölkerungsreichste Bezirk in Pennsylvania und der städtische Kern des achtgrößten statistischen Großraums der USA mit mehr als 6 Millionen Einwohnern (Stand 2017) ^[update] . ^[4] Philadelphia ist auch der wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Anker des größeren Delaware Valley, das an den unteren Delaware und Schuylkill Rivers in der nordöstlichen Megalopolis liegt. Mit 7,2 Millionen Einwohnern im Delaware Valley ist es das achtgrößte kombinierte statistische Gebiet in den Vereinigten Staaten. ^[5]

William Penn, ein englischer Quäker, gründete die Stadt 1682 als Hauptstadt des Pennsylvania Kolonie ^[8] Philadelphia spielte eine wichtige Rolle in der Amerikanischen Revolution als Treffpunkt für die Gründerväter der Vereinigten Staaten, die 1776 beim Zweiten Kontinentalkongress die Unabhängigkeitserklärung und die Konstitution beim Philadelphia Convention von 1787 unterzeichneten. Weitere wichtige Ereignisse In Philadelphia gab es während des Unabhängigkeitskrieges den ersten Kontinentalkongress, die Bewahrung der Liberty Bell, die Schlacht von Germantown und die Belagerung von Fort Mifflin. Philadelphia war während der Revolution eine der Hauptstädte der Nation und diente als vorübergehende US-Hauptstadt, während Washington, DC, im Bau war. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurde Philadelphia zu einem bedeutenden Industriezentrum und Eisenbahnknotenpunkt. Die Stadt wuchs aus einem Zustrom europäischer Einwanderer, von denen die meisten aus Irland, Italien und Deutschland stammten - die drei größten gemeldeten Stammgruppen der Stadt waren ab 2015 ^[update] . ^{[9] [9].} Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde Philadelphia zu einem Top-Ziel für Afroamerikaner während der großen Migration nach dem Bürgerkrieg, ^[10] sowie den Puerto-Ricanern. ^[11] Die Bevölkerung der Stadt verdoppelte sich zwischen 1890 und 1950 von einer Million auf zwei Millionen.

Die vielen Universitäten und Colleges in Philadelphia machen es zu einem Top-Studienziel, da sich die Stadt zu einem Bildungs- und Wirtschaftszentrum entwickelt hat. ^{[12] [13]} Laut dem Bureau of Economic Analysis hatte das Gebiet von Philadelphia im Jahr 2017 ein Bruttoinlandsprodukt von 445 Milliarden US-Dollar, der achtgrößten Metropole der USA. ^[14] Philadelphia ist das Zentrum wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten in Pennsylvania und beherbergt fünf Fortune-1000-Unternehmen. Die Skyline von Philadelphia wächst mit einem Markt von fast 81.900 Gewerbeimmobilien im Jahr 2016 ^[15] einschließlich mehrerer national bekannter Wolkenkratzer. ^[16] In Philadelphia gibt es mehr Skulpturen und Wandgemälde im Freien als in jeder anderen amerikanischen Stadt. ^{[17] [18]} Der Fairmount Park ist, wenn er mit dem angrenzenden Wissahickon Valley Park in derselben Wasserscheide kombiniert wird, einer der größten Nachbarn Stadtparkgebiete in den Vereinigten Staaten. ^[19] Die Stadt ist für ihre Kunst, Kultur, Küche und Kolonialgeschichte bekannt und zog 2016 42 Millionen einheimische Touristen an, die 6,8 Milliarden US-Dollar aufbrachten und insgesamt 11 Milliarden US-Dollar an wirtschaftlichem Einfluss in der Stadt und den vier Bezirken von Pennsylvania generierten. ^[20] Philadelphia hat sich auch als Biotechnologieknotenpunkt entwickelt. ^[21]

Philadelphia ist der Geburtsort des United States Marine Corps, ^{[22] [23]} und ist auch die Heimat von viele Erstaufführungen der USA, darunter die erste Bibliothek (1731), ^[24] Krankenhaus (1751), ^[24] medizinische Fakultät (1765), ^[25] Landeshauptstadt (1774), ^[26] Börse (1790), ^[24] Zoo (1874), ^[27] und Wirtschaftsschule (1881) ^[28] Philadelphia enthält 67 nationale historische Sehenswürdigkeiten und das Weltkulturerbe der Independence Hall. ^[29] Die Stadt wurde 2015 Mitglied der Organisation der Städte des Weltkulturerbes, ^[30] als erste Stadt des Weltkulturerbes in den Vereinigten Staaten. ^[13] Obwohl sich Philadelphia rasch einer Gentrifizierung unterzieht, verfolgt die Stadt aktiv Minderungsstrategien, um die Verschiebung von Eigenheimbesitzern in gentrifizierenden Stadtvierteln zu minimieren. ^[31]

Geschichte

Bevor die Europäer ankamen, war der Raum Philadelphia in der Gegend von Lenape (Delaware) zu Hause. Indianer im Dorf Shackamaxon. Die Lenape sind eine Indianerstamm- und First Nations-Bandregierung. ^[32] Sie werden auch Delaware-Indianer genannt, ^[33] und ihr historisches Gebiet befand sich entlang der Delaware River-Wasserscheide, der westlichen Long Island und des Lower Hudson Valley. ^[a] Die meisten Lenape wurden im 18. Jahrhundert durch die Ausdehnung der europäischen Kolonien aus ihrer Heimatstadt Delaware in die Heimat gedrängt, verstärkt durch Verluste zwischen Konflikten zwischen den Tälern. ^[33] Lenape-Gemeinschaften wurden durch neu eingeführte Krankheiten, hauptsächlich Pocken, und gewaltsame Konflikte mit Europäern geschwächt. Irokesen bekämpften gelegentlich die Lenape. Überlebende Lenape zog nach Westen in das obere Ohio River-Becken. Der Amerikanische Unabhängigkeitskrieg und die Unabhängigkeit der Vereinigten Staaten drängten sie weiter nach Westen. In den 1860er Jahren schickte die Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten die meisten Lenape, die im Osten der USA verblieben waren, in das indische Territorium (das heutige Oklahoma und das umliegende Gebiet) im Rahmen der indischen Umzugspolitik. Im 21. Jahrhundert leben die meisten Lenape in Oklahoma, einige Gemeinden leben auch in Wisconsin, Ontario (Kanada) und in ihren traditionellen Heimatländern.

Die Europäer kamen Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts in das Delaware Valley. Die ersten Ansiedlungen wurden von den Niederländern gegründet, die 1623 Fort Nassau am Delaware River gegenüber dem Schuylkill River im heutigen Brooklawn, New Jersey, bauten. Die Niederländer betrachteten das gesamte Delaware River Valley als Teil ihrer Kolonie New Netherland. Im Jahr 1638 gründeten schwedische Siedler, angeführt von abtrünnigen Niederländern, die Kolonie New Sweden in Fort Christina (heute Wilmington, Delaware) und breiteten sich rasch im Tal aus. Im Jahr 1644 unterstützte New Sweden die Susquehannocks bei ihrer militärischen Niederlage der englischen Kolonie Maryland. Im Jahr 1648 bauten die Niederländer Fort Beversreede am Westufer des Delaware, südlich des Schuylkill in der Nähe des heutigen Eastwick-Viertels, um ihre Herrschaft über das Gebiet zu behaupten. Die Schweden antworteten mit dem Bau von Fort Nya Korsholm oder New Korsholm, das nach einer Stadt in Finnland mit schwedischer Mehrheit benannt wurde. Im Jahr 1655 übernahm eine niederländische Militärkampagne unter Leitung des Generaldirektors von New Holland, Peter Stuyvesant, die Kontrolle über die schwedische Kolonie und beendete damit ihren Unabhängigkeitsanspruch. Die schwedischen und finnischen Siedler hatten nach wie vor ihre eigene Miliz, Religion und Gerichtsbarkeit und genossen unter den Niederländern weitgehende Autonomie. Die Engländer eroberten die Kolonie New Netherland 1664, obwohl sich die Situation bis 1682 nicht wesentlich änderte, als das Gebiet in William Penns Charta für Pennsylvania aufgenommen wurde.

Im Jahr 1681 gewährte Charles II. Von England, als er eine teilweise Rückzahlung der Schulden erhielt, eine Charta für die spätere Pennsylvania-Kolonie. Trotz der königlichen Charta kaufte Penn das Land von Lenape, um mit den amerikanischen Ureinwohnern gute Beziehungen zu pflegen und für den Frieden seiner Kolonie zu sorgen. ^[34] Penn unterzeichnete einen Freundschaftsvertrag mit Lenape-Chef Tammany unter einer Ulme in Shackamaxon im heutigen Viertel Fishtown der Stadt. ^[35]
Penn nannte die Stadt Philadelphia, die griechisch für "brüderliche Liebe" ist, abgeleitet von den altgriechischen Ausdrücken φίλος phílos (geliebt, lieb) und ἀδελφός adelphós (Bruder, brüderlich). Als Quäker hatte Penn religiöse Verfolgung erlebt und wollte, dass seine Kolonie ein Ort ist, an dem sich jeder frei anbeten kann. Diese Toleranz, weit mehr als von den meisten anderen Kolonien gewährt, führte zu besseren Beziehungen zu den einheimischen Stämmen und förderte das schnelle Wachstum Philadelphias in Amerikas wichtigster Stadt. ^[36]

Penn plante eine Stadt am Delaware River dienen als Hafen und Ort für die Regierung. In der Hoffnung, dass Philadelphia eher zu einer englischen ländlichen Stadt als zu einer Stadt werden würde, legte Penn Straßenpläne auf, um Häuser und Geschäfte weit auseinander zu halten, mit Bereichen für Gärten und Obstgärten. Die Einwohner der Stadt folgten jedoch nicht den Plänen von Penn, als sie sich am Hafen von Delaware River drängten und ihre Lose unterteilten und weiterverkauften. ^[37] Bevor Penn das letzte Mal Philadelphia verließ, gab er die Charta von 1701 aus, die ihn zu einer Stadt machte. Die Stadt war zwar zunächst arm, wurde jedoch in den 1750er Jahren ein wichtiges Handelszentrum mit erträglichen Lebensbedingungen. Benjamin Franklin, ein führender Bürger, trug zur Verbesserung der städtischen Dienstleistungen bei und gründete neue, wie Brandschutz, eine Bibliothek und eines der ersten Krankenhäuser der amerikanischen Kolonien.

Eine Reihe von philosophischen Gesellschaften wurde gegründet, die Zentren des intellektuellen Lebens der Stadt waren: die Philadelphia Society for Agriculture (1785), die Pennsylvania Society für die Förderung der Manufakturen und der nützlichen Künste (1787), die Academy of Natural Sciences (1812) und das Franklin Institute (1824). ^[38] Diese Gesellschaften entwickelten und finanzierten neue Industrien und zogen qualifizierte und sachkundige Einwanderer aus Europa an.

Eine Karte von Philadelphia aus dem 18. Jahrhundert, circa 1752

Die Bedeutung und zentrale Lage von Philadelphia in den Kolonien machte Philadelphia zu einem natürlichen Zentrum der amerikanischen Revolutionäre. In den 1750er Jahren hatte Philadelphia Boston übertroffen und war nach London die größte Stadt und der geschäftigste Hafen Großbritanniens. Im Londoner Britischen Empire wurde es die zweitgrößte Stadt. ^{[39] [40]} In der Stadt fand vor dem Unabhängigkeitskrieg der Erste Kontinentalkongress (1774) statt. der Zweite Kontinentalkongress (1775–1976), ^[41] der die Unabhängigkeitserklärung der Vereinigten Staaten während des Krieges unterzeichnete; und die Verfassungskonvention (1787) nach dem Krieg. Mehrere Schlachten fanden auch in und in der Nähe von Philadelphia statt.

Philadelphia diente als temporäre Hauptstadt der Vereinigten Staaten, während die neue Hauptstadt im Bezirk Columbia von 1790 bis 1800 im Bau war. ^[42] Im Jahr 1793 wurden bei der größten Gelbfieber-Epidemie in der Geschichte der USA in Philadelphia etwa 4.000 bis 5.000 Menschen getötet, was etwa 10% der Stadtbevölkerung entspricht. ^{[43] [44]}

Die Landeshauptstadt wurde umgezogen Lancaster im Jahr 1799, dann Harrisburg im Jahr 1812, während die Bundesregierung nach Fertigstellung des Weißen Hauses und des US Capitol-Gebäudes 1800 nach Washington DC verlegt wurde. Die Stadt blieb bis zum späten 18. Jahrhundert die größte Nation der Nation und war sowohl ein finanzielles als auch ein kulturelles Zentrum für Amerika. Im Jahr 1816 gründete die freie schwarze Gemeinschaft der Stadt die African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), die erste unabhängige schwarze Glaubensgemeinschaft des Landes, und die erste schwarze Episcopal Church. Die freie schwarze Gemeinde gründete mit Hilfe der Quäker auch viele Schulen für ihre Kinder. New York City übertraf im Jahr 1790 die Einwohnerzahl von Philadelphia. Große Bauprojekte für neue Straßen, Kanäle und Eisenbahnen machten Philadelphia zur ersten bedeutenden Industriestadt der Vereinigten Staaten.

Im gesamten 19. Jahrhundert hatte Philadelphia eine Vielzahl von Industrien und Unternehmen beherbergt, die größte waren Textilien. Zu den großen Konzernen des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts zählten die Baldwin Locomotive Works, die William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company und die Pennsylvania Railroad. ^[45] Die Industrie wurde 1876 zusammen mit der Centennial in den USA mit der Centennial Exposition gefeiert, der ersten offiziellen Weltausstellung in den Vereinigten Staaten.

Einwanderer, hauptsächlich aus Irland und Deutschland, ließen sich in Philadelphia und den umliegenden Bezirken nieder. Diese Einwanderer waren weitgehend verantwortlich für den ersten Generalstreik in Nordamerika im Jahr 1835, bei dem Arbeiter in der Stadt den zehnstündigen Arbeitstag gewannen. Die Stadt war in den 1840er Jahren ein Ziel für Tausende irischer Einwanderer, die vor der Großen Hungersnot flohen. Die Wohnungen für sie wurden südlich der South Street entwickelt und später von nachfolgenden Einwanderern besetzt. Sie bauten ein Netzwerk von katholischen Kirchen und Schulen auf und dominierten den katholischen Klerus jahrzehntelang. Im Jahr 1844 kam es in Philadelphia zu antirisch-anti-katholischen nativistischen Ausschreitungen. Der Bevölkerungsanstieg der umliegenden Bezirke trug zum Konsolidierungsgesetz von 1854 bei, das die Stadtgrenzen von den 2 Quadratkilometern (5,2 km) aus erstreckte. ² ) von Center City zu den rund 134 Quadratmeilen (350 km ² ) des Bezirks Philadelphia. ^{[46] [47]}
In der zweiten Hälfte des Jahrhunderts siedelten sich Einwanderer aus Russland, Osteuropa und Italien sowie Afroamerikaner aus den südlichen USA in der Stadt an. [19459119[48]

Philadelphia wurde durch die Washington Greys im amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg vertreten . Die afroamerikanische Bevölkerung von Philadelphia stieg zwischen 3180 und 1930 von 31.699 auf 219.559. ^{[49] [50]} Schwarze Neuankömmlinge aus dem 20. Jahrhundert waren Teil der Großen Migration aus dem ländlichen Süden in nördliche und mittlere Industriestädte.

Im 20. Jahrhundert hatte Philadelphia eine etablierte republikanische politische Maschine und eine zufriedene Bevölkerung. ^[52] Die erste große Reform kam 1917, als die Empörung über den Wahlmord an einem Polizeibeamten dazu führte, dass der Stadtrat von zwei Häusern auf nur ein Haus schrumpfte. ^[53] Im Juli 1919 war Philadelphia eine von mehr als 36 Industriestädten, die während des Roten Sommers im Zuge der Unruhen nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg einen ethnischen Weißkampf gegen Schwarze erlitten hatten, als die jüngsten Einwanderer mit Schwarzen um Arbeitsplätze kämpften. In den 1920er-Jahren führten die öffentliche Missachtung von Verbotsgesetzen, organisierter Kriminalität, Mob-Gewalt und polizeilicher Beteiligung an illegalen Aktivitäten zur Ernennung von Brig. General Smedley Butler des US Marine Corps als Direktor für öffentliche Sicherheit, aber politischer Druck verhinderte jeden langfristigen Erfolg bei der Bekämpfung von Kriminalität und Korruption. ^[54]

1940 machten nicht-hispanische Weiße 86,8% der Bevölkerung aus die Bevölkerung der Stadt. ^[55] Die Bevölkerung erreichte 1950 mit mehr als zwei Millionen Einwohnern ihren Höhepunkt und ging dann mit der Umstrukturierung der Industrie zurück, was zum Verlust zahlreicher mittelständischer Gewerkschaftsarbeitsplätze führte. Darüber hinaus hatte die Suburbanisierung viele der wohlhabenderen Einwohner in abgelegene Eisenbahnstädte und neuere Wohnungen gelockt. Die daraus resultierende Senkung der Steuerbemessungsgrundlage in Philadelphia und der Ressourcen der Kommunalverwaltung führte dazu, dass sich die Stadt durch eine lange Anpassungsphase durchkämpfte und sich Ende der 1980er Jahre dem Bankrott näherte. ^{[56] [57]}

Revitalization Die Gentrifizierung von Stadtteilen begann in den späten 70er Jahren und setzte sich bis ins 21. Jahrhundert fort. Ein Großteil der Entwicklung fand in den Stadtteilen Center City und University City statt. Nachdem viele der alten Hersteller und Unternehmen Philadelphia verlassen oder geschlossen hatten, zog die Stadt Dienstleistungsbetriebe an und vermarktete sich zunehmend aggressiver als Reiseziel. In Center City wurden in den 1980er Jahren zeitgenössische Glas-Granit-Wolkenkratzer gebaut. Historische Bereiche wie die Altstadt und der Society Hill wurden während der reformistischen Bürgermeisterzeit der fünfziger Jahre bis in die achtziger Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts renoviert, wodurch sie zu den begehrtesten Stadtteilen in Center City wurden. Diese Entwicklungen haben zu einer Umkehrung des Bevölkerungsrückgangs der Stadt zwischen 1950 und 2000 geführt, in der sie etwa ein Viertel ihrer Einwohner verlor. ^{[58] [59]} Die Stadt erlebte schließlich im Jahr 2007 ein Bevölkerungswachstum, das sich mit allmählichen jährlichen Zuwächsen bis in die Gegenwart fortsetzte. ^{[60] [6]}

Geographie

Landsat-simuliertes Farbbild von Philadelphia und der Delaware River

Topographie

Das geographische Zentrum von Philadelphia befindet sich ungefähr bei 40 ° 0 ′ 34 ″ nördlicher Breite und 75 ° 8 ′ 0 ″ westlicher Länge. Der 40. Parallele Norden verläuft durch Stadtteile im Nordosten von Philadelphia, Nord-Philadelphia und West-Philadelphia, einschließlich Fairmount Park. Die Stadt umfasst 142,71 Quadratmeilen (369,62 km ² ), wovon 134,18 Quadratmeilen (347,52 km ² ) Land sind, und 8.53 Quadratmeilen (22,09 km ² ). ) oder 6% ist Wasser. ^[61] Zu den natürlichen Gewässern gehören der Delaware und der Schuylkill River, die Seen im Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park und die Cobbs, Wissahickon und Pennypack Creeks. Das größte künstliche Gewässer ist das East Park Reservoir im Fairmount Park.

Der niedrigste Punkt ist der Meeresspiegel, während der höchste Punkt in Chestnut Hill liegt, etwa 136 Meter über dem Meeresspiegel in der Summit Street in der Nähe der Kreuzung Germantown Avenue und Bethlehem Pike (Beispielkoordinaten in der Nähe des höchsten Punkts: 40.07815 N.) 75,20747 W). ^{[62] [63]}

Philadelphia liegt an der Fall Line, die die atlantische Küstenebene vom Piemont trennt. ^[64] Die Stromschnellen am Schuylkill River in East Falls wurden durch die Fertigstellung des Staudamms in den Fairmount Water Works überschwemmt. ^[65]

Die Stadt ist Sitz einer eigenen Grafschaft. Die angrenzenden Grafschaften sind Montgomery im Nordwesten; Böcke im Norden und Nordosten; Burlington County, New Jersey, im Osten; Camden County, New Jersey, im Südosten; Gloucester County, New Jersey, im Süden; und Delaware County im Südwesten.

Stadtbild

Stadtplanung

Eine Porträtmalerei der Stadt Philadelphia von Thomas Holme - die erste Karte von Philadelphia, ca. 1683

Die Innenstadt von Philadelphia wurde im 17. Jahrhundert nach dem Plan von William Penns Vermesser Thomas Holme gegründet. Center City ist mit langen, geraden Straßen strukturiert, die fast genau nach Ost-West und Nord-Süd verlaufen und ein Gitterraster zwischen den Flüssen Delaware und Schuylkill bilden, das zu ihren Bahnen ausgerichtet ist. Der ursprüngliche Stadtplan war so konzipiert, dass er leicht zu befahren ist und die Wohnungen durch offene Flächen voneinander getrennt sind, um die Ausbreitung des Feuers zu verhindern. ^[66] Penn plante die Schaffung von fünf öffentlichen Parks in der Stadt, die 1824 umbenannt wurden ^[66] (neue Namen in Klammern): Centre Square (Penn Square), ^[67] Northeast Square (Franklin Square), Southeast Square (Washington Square), Southwest Square (Rittenhouse Square) und Northwest Square (Logan Circle / Square). ^[68] Im Jahr 2015 hatte Center City schätzungsweise 183.240 Einwohner ^[update] und war damit nach Midtown Manhattan in New York City die zweitbevölkerungsreichste Innenstadt der Vereinigten Staaten. ^{[69] ] Die Viertel von Philadelphia sind in große Abschnitte unterteilt - im Norden, Nordosten, Süden, Süden, Philadelphia, Westen und Norden - um Center City herum, die eng an die Grenzen der Stadt vor der Konsolidierung im Jahr 1854 angepasst ist. In jedem dieser großen Gebiete befinden sich zahlreiche Nachbarschaften, einige davon deren Grenzen von den Bezirken, Townships und anderen Gemeinden ausgehen, die Philadelphia County vor ihrer Einbeziehung in die Stadt bildeten. [70]}

Die Stadtplanungskommission, die mit dem Wachstum und der Entwicklung der Stadt beauftragt ist, hat die Stadt geteilt Stadt in 18 Planungsbezirke als Teil des Philadelphia2035 Bebauungsplans ^{[71] [72]} Ein Großteil des Zonierungscodes der Stadt von 1980 wurde von 2007 bis 2012 im Rahmen einer gemeinsamen Anstrengung des ehemaligen Bürgermeisters John F. Street und Michael Nutter überarbeitet. Die Zoning-Änderungen sollten falsche Zoning-Maps korrigieren, um die zukünftige Entwicklung der Gemeinde zu erleichtern. Die Stadt prognostiziert, dass bis 2035 zusätzliche 100.000 Einwohner hinzukommen und 40.000 Arbeitsplätze hinzukommen werden.

Die Philadelphia Housing Authority ist der größte Vermieter in Pennsylvania. Sie wurde im Jahr 1937 gegründet und ist die viertgrößte Wohnungsbehörde des Landes. Sie beherbergt etwa 84.000 Menschen und beschäftigt 1.250. 2013 belief sich das Budget auf 371 Millionen US-Dollar. ^[73] Die Philadelphia Parking Authority sorgt für angemessene Parkplätze für Stadtbewohner, Unternehmen und Besucher. ^[74]

Architektur

Philadelphias Baugeschichte reicht bis in die Kolonialzeit zurück und umfasst eine Vielzahl von Stilen. Die ersten Bauten wurden mit Protokollen errichtet, aber Ziegelstrukturen waren bis 1700 üblich. Während des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde das Stadtbild von der georgianischen Architektur wie der Independence Hall und der Christ Church dominiert.

In den ersten Jahrzehnten des 19. Jahrhunderts waren die Architektur von Federal und Greek Revival die vorherrschenden Stile, die von Philadelphia-Architekten wie Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas Walter und Samuel Sloan produziert wurden. ^19460497] Frank Furness gilt als größter Architekt Philadelphias der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Zu seinen Zeitgenossen gehörten John McArthur Jr., Addison Hutton, Wilson Eyre, die Wilson Brothers und Horace Trumbauer. Im Jahr 1871 wurde mit dem Bau der Philadelphia City Hall im Stil des zweiten Empire begonnen. Die Philadelphia Historical Commission wurde 1955 gegründet, um die Kultur- und Architekturgeschichte der Stadt zu bewahren. Die Kommission unterhält das Philadelphia Register of Historic Places und fügt historische Gebäude, Bauwerke, Stätten, Objekte und Stadtviertel hinzu, die es für angebracht hält. ^[76]

Im Jahr 1932 wurde in Philadelphia der erste moderne Wolkenkratzer im internationalen Stil errichtet USA, das PSFS-Gebäude, entworfen von George Howe und William Lescaze. Das Rathaus (167 m) blieb bis 1987 das höchste Gebäude der Stadt, als der One Liberty Place fertiggestellt wurde. In Center City wurden ab Ende der 1980er Jahre zahlreiche Glas- und Granit-Wolkenkratzer errichtet. 2007 übertraf das Comcast Center den One Liberty Place und wurde damit das höchste Gebäude der Stadt. Das Comcast Technology Center wurde im Jahr 2018 fertiggestellt und erreichte eine Höhe von 342 m (1.121 Fuß) als höchstes Gebäude in den Vereinigten Staaten außerhalb von Manhattan und Chicago. ^[16]

Für einen Großteil der Geschichte Philadelphias Ein typisches Zuhause war das Reihenhaus. Das Reihenhaus wurde Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts über Philadelphia in die Vereinigten Staaten eingeführt, und zeitweise waren anderswo in den USA gebaute Reihenhäuser als "Philadelphia-Reihen" bekannt. ^[75] In der ganzen Stadt gibt es eine Vielzahl von Reihenhäusern, von durchgehenden Blöcken im Bundesstaat Old Town und Society Hill über Häuser im viktorianischen Stil in Nord Philadelphia bis hin zu zweireihigen Häusern in West Philadelphia. Während in letzter Zeit neuere Häuser gebaut wurden, stammt ein Großteil der Wohnungen aus dem 18., 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert, was zu Problemen wie dem Verfall der Städte und leer stehenden Grundstücken geführt hat. Einige Stadtteile, einschließlich Northern Liberties und Society Hill, wurden durch Gentrifizierung rehabilitiert. ^{[77] [78]}

Klima

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Klimadiagramm (Erklärung)
J F M A M J J A A S O O ] N D Mittlere max. und min. Temperaturen in ° F Niederschlagswerte in Zoll
Metrische Umwandlung J F M A M J J J ] S O N D Mittlere max. und min. Temperaturen in ° C Niederschlag in mm

Gemäß der Klimaklassifikation von Köppen liegt Philadelphia unter der nördlichen Peripherie der feuchten subtropischen Klimazone (Köppen Cfa ), ^[80]. wohingegen die Stadt gemäß der Trewartha-Klimaklassifizierung ein gemäßigtes Seeklima aufweist ( Do ). ^[81] Die Sommer sind normalerweise heiß und schwül, der Herbst und der Frühling sind im Allgemeinen mild und der Winter ist mäßig kalt. Die Lebensdauerbereiche der Pflanzen sind 7a und 7b und stellen eine durchschnittliche extreme jährliche Minimaltemperatur zwischen -18 ° C und -12 ° C dar. ^[82]

Schneefall ist hoch variabel mit einigen Wintern, die nur leichten Schnee haben, während andere große Schneestürme enthalten. Der durchschnittliche saisonale Schneefall beträgt durchschnittlich 57 cm, wobei im November oder April seltene Schneefälle und selten anhaltende Schneedecke auftreten. ^[83] Die saisonale Schneefallakkumulation lag zwischen 1972 und 1973 im Bereich von 1972 bis 73 cm im Winter von 2009 bis 10. ^{[83] [b]} Der schwerste Einzelsturm in der Stadt war im Januar 1996 mit 78,7 cm (78 cm) der Fall. ^[84]

Die Niederschläge sind im Allgemeinen über das ganze Jahr verteilt, mit acht bis elf Nasstagen pro Monat, ^{. 19460510] mit einer durchschnittlichen jährlichen Rate von 41,5 Zoll (1.050 mm), aber historisch von 29,31 Zoll (744 mm) im Jahr 1922 bis 64,33 Zoll (1,634 mm) im Jahr 2011. [83] Der meiste Regen, der an einem Tag aufgezeichnet wurde, ereignete sich am 28. Juli 2013, als am Philadelphia International Airport 204 mm fiel. [83] Philadelphia hat ein mäßig sonniges Klima mit durchschnittlich 2.500 Sonnenstunden pro Jahr und einem Sonnenanteil von 47% im Dezember bis 61% im Juni, Juli und August. [86]}

Die Januar-Tageszeitung average temperature is 33.0 °F (0.6 °C),^[87] though the temperature frequently rises to 50 °F (10 °C) during thaws and dips to 10 °F (−12 °C) for 2 or 3 nights in a normal winter.^[87] July averages 78.1 °F (25.6 °C),^[87] although heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent, with highs reaching or exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 27 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 thru April 2,^[83] allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry with February having the lowest average precipitation at 2.64 inches (67 mm). The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 °F (15 °C) and 64.5 °F (18 °C).^[83]

The highest recorded temperature was 106 °F (41 °C) on August 7, 1918, but temperatures at or above 100 °F (38 °C) are not common.^[88][c] The lowest officially recorded temperature was −11 °F (−24 °C) on February 9, 1934.^[88] Temperatures at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) are rare with the last such occurrence being January 19, 1994.^[83] The record low maximum is 5 °F (−15 °C) on February 10, 1899, and December 30, 1880, while the record high minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on July 23, 2011, and July 24, 2010.

Climate data for Philadelphia (Philadelphia Airport), 1981–2010 normals,[d] extremes 1872–present[e]
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	74 (23)	79 (26)	87 (31)	95 (35)	97 (36)	102 (39)	104 (40)	106 (41)	102 (39)	96 (36)	84 (29)	73 (23)	106 (41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	62.0 (16.7)	62.7 (17.1)	73.6 (23.1)	83.2 (28.4)	89.1 (31.7)	94.2 (34.6)	96.4 (35.8)	94.7 (34.8)	89.8 (32.1)	81.7 (27.6)	72.3 (22.4)	63.5 (17.5)	97.5 (36.4)
Average high °F (°C)	40.3 (4.6)	43.8 (6.6)	52.7 (11.5)	63.9 (17.7)	73.8 (23.2)	82.7 (28.2)	87.1 (30.6)	85.3 (29.6)	78.0 (25.6)	66.6 (19.2)	56.0 (13.3)	44.8 (7.1)	64.6 (18.1)
Daily mean °F (°C)	33.0 (0.6)	35.7 (2.1)	43.5 (6.4)	54.0 (12.2)	63.9 (17.7)	73.3 (22.9)	78.1 (25.6)	76.6 (24.8)	69.1 (20.6)	57.5 (14.2)	47.6 (8.7)	37.5 (3.1)	55.9 (13.3)
Average low °F (°C)	25.6 (−3.6)	27.7 (−2.4)	34.4 (1.3)	44.1 (6.7)	54.0 (12.2)	63.8 (17.7)	69.2 (20.7)	67.9 (19.9)	60.3 (15.7)	48.4 (9.1)	39.2 (4.0)	30.1 (−1.1)	47.1 (8.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	8.7 (−12.9)	12.7 (−10.7)	19.4 (−7.0)	31.6 (−0.2)	42.0 (5.6)	52.2 (11.2)	59.8 (15.4)	57.8 (14.3)	47.2 (8.4)	35.8 (2.1)	26.0 (−3.3)	15.8 (−9.0)	6.4 (−14.2)
Record low °F (°C)	−7 (−22)	−11 (−24)	5 (−15)	14 (−10)	28 (−2)	44 (7)	51 (11)	44 (7)	35 (2)	25 (−4)	8 (−13)	−5 (−21)	−11 (−24)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.03 (77)	2.65 (67)	3.79 (96)	3.56 (90)	3.71 (94)	3.43 (87)	4.35 (110)	3.50 (89)	3.78 (96)	3.18 (81)	2.99 (76)	3.56 (90)	41.53 (1,055)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	6.5 (17)	8.8 (22)	2.9 (7.4)	0.5 (1.3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.3 (0.76)	3.4 (8.6)	22.4 (57)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.6	9.4	10.5	11.3	11.1	9.8	9.9	8.4	8.7	8.6	9.3	10.6	118.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	4.4	3.6	1.8	0.4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.2	1.8	12.2
Average relative humidity (%)	66.2	63.6	61.7	60.4	65.4	67.8	69.6	70.4	71.6	70.8	68.4	67.7	67.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours	155.7	154.7	202.8	217.0	245.1	271.2	275.6	260.1	219.3	204.5	154.7	137.7	2,498.4
Percent possible sunshine	52	52	55	55	55	61	61	61	59	59	52	47	56
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990) [87][86][83]

Air quality

Philadelphia County received an ozone grade of F and a 24-hour particle pollution rating of D in the American Lung Association's 2017 State of the Air report, which analyzed data from 2013–15.^[91][92] The city was ranked 22nd for ozone, 20th for short-term particle pollution, and 11th for year-round particle pollution.^[93] According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.^[92] Five of the ten largest combined statistical areas (CSAs) were ranked higher for ozone: Los Angeles (1st), New York City (9th), Houston (12th), Dallas (13th), and San Jose (18th). Many smaller CSAs were also ranked higher for ozone including Sacramento (8th), Las Vegas (10th), Denver (11th), El Paso (16th), and Salt Lake City (20th); however, only two of those same ten CSAs—San Jose and Los Angeles—were ranked higher than Philadelphia for both year-round and short-term particle pollution.^[93]

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1683	600	—
1731	12,000	+1900.0%
1790	28,522	+137.7%
1800	41,220	+44.5%
1810	53,722	+30.3%
1820	63,802	+18.8%
1830	80,462	+26.1%
1840	93,665	+16.4%
1850	121,376	+29.6%
1860	565,529	+365.9%
1870	674,022	+19.2%
1880	847,170	+25.7%
1890	1,046,964	+23.6%
1900	1,293,697	+23.6%
1910	1,549,008	+19.7%[19659407]1920	1,823,779	+17.7%
1930	1,950,961	+7.0%
1940	1,931,334	−1.0%
1950	2,071,605	+7.3%
1960	2,002,512	−3.3%
1970	1,948,609	−2.7%
1980	1,688,210	−13.4%
1990	1,585,577	−6.1%
2000	1,517,550	−4.3%
2010	1,526,006	+0.6%
Est. 2017	1,580,863	+3.6%
Populations for City of Philadelphia, not for Philadelphia County. Population for Philadelphia County was 54,388 (including 42,520 urban) in 1790; 81,009 (including 69,403 urban) in 1800; 111,210 (including 91,874 urban) in 1810; 137,097 (including 112,772 urban) in 1820; 188,797 (including 161,410 urban) in 1830; 258,037 (including 220,423 urban) in 1840; and 408,762 (including 340,045 urban) in 1850. Under Act of Consolidation, 1854, City of Philadelphia absorbed the various districts, boroughs, townships, other suburbs, and remaining rural area in Philadelphia County as the consolidated City and County of Philadelphia. Source: [6][94][95][96][97][98]

According to the 2017 United States Census Bureau estimate, there were 1,580,863 people residing in Philadelphia, representing a 3.6% increase from the 2010 census.^[6] After the 1950 Census, when a record high of 2,071,605 was recorded, the city's population began a long decline. The population dropped to a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again. Between 2006 and 2017, Philadelphia added 92,153 residents. In 2017, the Census Bureau estimated that the racial composition of the city was 41.3% Black (non-Hispanic), 34.9% White (non-Hispanic), 14.1% Hispanic or Latino, 7.1% Asian, 0.4% Native Americans, 0.05% Pacific Islanders, and 2.8% multiracial.^[99]

* 2017 figures are estimates

Map of racial distribution in Philadelphia, 2010 Census. Each dot is 25 people: WhiteBlackAsianHispanicor Other.

The 2010 Census redistricting data indicated that the racial makeup of the city was 644,287 (42.2%) Black (non-Hispanic), 562,585 (36.9%) White (non-Hispanic), 96,405 (6.3%) Asian (2.0% Chinese, 1.2% Indian, 0.9% Vietnamese, 0.4% Korean, 0.3% Filipino, 0.1% Japanese, and 1.4% other), 6,996 (0.5%) Native Americans, 744 (0.05%) Pacific Islanders, and 43,070 (2.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 187,611 persons (12.3%); 8.0% Puerto Rican, 1.0% Mexican, 0.3% Cuban, and 3.0% other. The racial breakdown of Philadelphia's Hispanic/Latino population was 63,636 (33.9%) White, 17,552 (9.4%) Black, 3,498 (1.9%) Native American, 884 (0.47%) Asian, 287 (0.15%) Pacific Islander, 86,626 (46.2%) from other races, and 15,128 (8.1%) from two or more races.^[100] The five largest European ancestries reported in the 2010 Census included Irish (13.0%), Italian (8.3%), German (8.2%), Polish (3.9%), and English (3.1%).^[103]

The estimated average population density was 11,782 people per square mile (4,549/km²) in 2017. In 2010, the Census Bureau reported that 1,468,623 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 38,007 (2.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 19,376 (1.3%) were institutionalized.^[100] In 2013, the city reported having 668,247 total housing units, down slightly from 670,171 housing units in 2010. As of 2013^[update]87 percent of housing units were occupied, while 13 percent were vacant, a slight change from 2010 where 89.5 percent of units were occupied, or 599,736 and 10.5 percent were vacant, or 70,435.^[100][104] Of the city's residents, 32 percent reported having no vehicles available while 23 percent had two or more vehicles available, as of 2013^[update].^[104]

In 2010, 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.2 percent were non-families. The city reported 34.1 percent of all households were individuals living alone, while 10.5 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.20.^[100] In 2013, the percentage of women who gave birth in the previous 12 months who were unmarried was 56 percent. Of Philadelphia's adults, 31 percent were married or lived as a couple, 55 percent were not married, 11 percent were divorced or separated, and 3 percent were widowed.^[104]

According to the Census Bureau, the median household income in 2013 was $36,836, down 7.9 percent from 2008 when the inflation-adjusted median household income was $40,008 (in 2013 dollars). For comparison, on an inflation-adjusted basis, the median household income among metropolitan areas was $60,482, down 8.2 percent in the same period, and the national median household income was $55,250, down 7.0 percent from 2008.^[104] The city's wealth disparity is evident when neighborhoods are compared. Residents in Society Hill had a 2013 median household income of $93,720, while residents in one of North Philadelphia's districts reported the lowest median household income, $14,185.^[104]

During the last decade, Philadelphia experienced a large shift in its age profile. In 2000, the city's population pyramid had a largely stationary shape. In 2013, the city took on an expansive pyramid shape, with an increase in the three millennial age groups, 20 to 24, 25 to 29, and 30 to 34. The city's 25- to 29-year-old age group was the city's largest age cohort.^[104] According to the 2010 Census, 343,837 (22.5%) were under the age of 18; 203,697 (13.3%) from 18 to 24; 434,385 (28.5%) from 25 to 44; 358,778 (23.5%) from 45 to 64; and 185,309 (12.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.5 years. Für alle 100 Frauen gab es 89.4 Männer. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males.^[100] The city had 22,018 births in 2013, down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008. Philadelphia's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half-century, 13,691 deaths in 2013.^[104] Another factor attributing to the population increase is Philadelphia's rising immigration rate. Like the millennial population, Philadelphia's immigrant population is also growing rapidly; according to a study by the Pew Charitable Trusts, the city's foreign-born population had increased by 69% between 2000 and 2016 to constitute nearly 20% of Philadelphia's work force.^[105]

Irish, Italian, German, Polish, English, Russian, Ukrainian and French are the largest ethnic European groups in the city.^[103] Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States, after New York City. South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market. The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray's Ferry section of South Philadelphia, home to many Mummer clubs, are well known as Irish neighborhoods. The Kensington, Port Richmond, and Fishtown neighborhoods have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. Northeast Philadelphia, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population. Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community, while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant community.

Philadelphia has a significant gay and lesbian population. Philadelphia's Gayborhood, which is located near Washington Square, is home to a large concentration of gay and lesbian friendly businesses, restaurants, and bars.^[107][108]

The Black American population in Philadelphia is the third-largest in the country, after New York City and Chicago. Historically, West Philadelphia and North Philadelphia were largely black neighborhoods, but many are leaving those areas in favor of the Northeast and Southwest sections of Philadelphia. There is a higher proportion of Muslims in the Black American population than most cities in America. West Philadelphia also has significant Caribbean and African immigrant populations.^[109]

The Puerto Rican population in Philadelphia is the second-largest after New York City, and the second-fastest growing after Orlando.^[110] There are large Puerto Rican and Dominican populations in North Philadelphia and the Northeast, as well as a significant Mexican population in South Philadelphia.^[111]

Philadelphia's Asian American population originates mainly from China, India, Vietnam, South Korea, and the Philippines. Over 35,000 Chinese Americans lived in the city in 2015,^[112] including a large Fuzhounese population. Center City hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan in New York City. A large Korean community initially settled in the North Philadelphia neighborhood of Olney; however, the primary Koreatown has subsequently shifted northward, straddling the border with the adjacent suburb of Cheltenham in Montgomery County, while also growing in nearby Cherry Hill, New Jersey. South Philadelphia is also home to large Cambodian, Vietnamese, and Chinese communities. Philadelphia has the fifth largest Muslim population among American cities.^[113]

Religion

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 68% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christian, with 41% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, 26% professing Catholic beliefs, and less than 1% are Mormons, while the remaining 24% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions collectively compose about 8% of the population, including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism.^[114][115]

The Philadelphia metropolitan area's Jewish population was estimated at 206,000 in 2001, which was the sixth largest in the United States at that time.^[116]

Other religious groups in Philadelphia include Buddhism in Chinatown, and Caribbean and traditional African religions in North and West Philadelphia. Historically, the city has strong connections to the Quakers, Unitarian Universalism, and the Ethical Culture movement, all of which continue to be represented in the city. The Quaker Friends General Conference is based in Philadelphia.

African diasporic religions are practiced in some Hispanic and Caribbean communities in North and West Philadelphia.^[117][118]

Languages

As of 2010^[update]79.12% (1,112,441) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 9.72% (136,688) spoke Spanish, 1.64% (23,075) Chinese, 0.89% (12,499) Vietnamese, 0.77% (10,885) Russian, 0.66% (9,240) French, 0.61% (8,639) other Asian languages, 0.58% (8,217) African languages, 0.56% (7,933) Cambodian (Mon-Khmer), and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55% (7,773) of the population over the age of five. In total, 20.88% (293,544) of Philadelphia's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.^[120]

Dialect

The traditional Philadelphia accent is considered by some linguists to be the most distinctive accent in North America.^[121] The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey, is part of a larger Mid-Atlantic American English family, a designation that also includes the Baltimore dialect. Additionally, it shares many similarities with the New York accent.

Thanks to over a century of linguistic data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania under sociolinguist William Labov, the Philadelphia dialect has been one of the best-studied forms of American English.^{[122][123][g]} The accent is especially found within the Irish American and Italian American working-class neighborhoods.^[124] Philadelphia also has its own unique collection of neologisms and slang terms.^[125]

Economy

Philadelphia is the center of economic activity in Pennsylvania with the headquarters of five Fortune 1000 companies located within city limits. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the Philadelphia area had a total gross domestic product of $445 billion in 2017, the eighth-largest metropolitan economy in the United States.^[14] Philadelphia was rated by the GaWC as a 'Beta' city in its 2016 ranking of world cities.^[127]Philadelphia International Airport is undergoing a $900 million infrastructural expansion to increase passenger capacity and augment passenger experience;^[128][129] while the Port of Philadelphia, having experienced the highest percentage growth by tonnage loaded in 2017 among major U.S. seaports, was in the process of doubling its capacity in order to accommodate super-sized post-Panamax shipping vessels in 2018.^[130]

Philadelphia's economic sectors include financial services, health care, biotechnology, information technology, manufacturing, oil refining, food processing, and tourism. Financial activities account for the largest economic sector of the metropolitan area, which is also one of the largest health education and research centers in the United States.

The city is home to the Philadelphia Stock Exchange and some of the area's largest companies including cable television and internet provider Comcast, insurance companies Cigna, Colonial Penn, and Independence Blue Cross, energy company Sunoco, food services company Aramark, packaging company Crown Holdings, chemical makers FMC and Rohm and Haas, pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline, Boeing Rotorcraft Systems, apparel retailer Urban Outfitters, and automotive parts retailer Pep Boys.

Philadelphia's annualized unemployment rate was 7.8% in 2014, down from 10% the previous year.^[104] This is higher than the national average of 6.2%. Similarly, the rate of new jobs added to the city's economy lagged behind the national job growth. In 2014, about 8,800 jobs were added to the city's economy. Sectors with the largest number of jobs added were in education and health care, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services. Declines were seen in the city's manufacturing and government sectors.^[104]

About 31.9% of the city's population was not in the labor force in 2015, the second highest percentage after Detroit. The city's two largest employers are the federal and city governments. Philadelphia's largest private employer is the University of Pennsylvania followed by the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.^[104] A study commissioned by the city's government in 2011 projected 40,000 jobs would be added to the city within 25 years, raising the number of jobs from 675,000 in 2010 to an estimated 715,000 by 2035.^[131]

Philadelphia's history attracts many tourists, with the Independence National Historical Park (which includes the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, and other historic sites) receiving over 5 million visitors in 2016.^[132] The city welcomed 42 million domestic tourists in 2016 who spent $6.8 billion, generating an estimated $11 billion in total economic impact in the city and surrounding four counties of Pennsylvania.^[20]

Education

Primary and secondary education

Education in Philadelphia is provided by many private and public institutions. The School District of Philadelphia runs the city's public schools. The Philadelphia School District is the eighth largest school district in the United States^[133] with 142,266 students in 218 traditional public schools and 86 charter schools as of 2014^[update].^[134]

The city's K-12 enrollment in district run schools dropped from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015.^[104] This consistent drop in enrollment led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013.^[135] During the 2014 school year, the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil, below the average among comparable urban school districts.^[104]

Graduation rates among district-run schools, meanwhile, steadily increased in the ten years from 2005. In 2005, Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52%. This number increased to 65% in 2014, still below the national and state averages. Scores on the state's standardized test, the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but subsequently decreased. In 2005, the district-run schools scored an average of 37.4% on math and 35.5% on reading. The city's schools reached its peak scores in 2011 with 59.0% on math and 52.3% on reading. In 2014, the scores dropped significantly to 45.2% on math and 42.0% on reading.^[104]

Of the city's public high schools, including charter schools, only four performed above the national average on the SAT (1497 out of 2400^[136]) in 2014: Masterman, Central, Girard, and MaST Community Charter School. All other district-run schools were below average.^[104]

Higher education

Philadelphia has the third-largest student concentration on the East Coast, with over 120,000 college and university students enrolled within the city and nearly 300,000 in the metropolitan area.^[137] There are over 80 colleges, universities, trade, and specialty schools in the Philadelphia region. One of the founding members of the Association of American Universities is in the city, the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League institution with claims to being the oldest university in the country.^[138]

The city's largest school by number of students is Temple University, followed by Drexel University.^[139] The University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University comprise the city's major research universities. Philadelphia is also home to five schools of medicine: Drexel University College of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, and the Thomas Jefferson University. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in National Institutes of Health grants in 2015.^[140]

Other institutions of higher learning within the city's borders include:

Culture

Philadelphia is home to many national historical sites that relate to the founding of the United States. Independence National Historical Park is the center of these historical landmarks being one of the country's 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Liberty Bell are the city's most famous attractions. Other national historic sites include the homes of Edgar Allan Poe and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, early government buildings like the First and Second Banks of the United States, Fort Mifflin, and the Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church.^[141] Philadelphia alone has 67 National Historic Landmarks, the third most of any city in the country.^[141]

Philadelphia's major science museums include the Franklin Institute, which contains the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial; the Academy of Natural Sciences; the Mütter Museum; and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. History museums include the National Constitution Center, the Museum of the American Revolution, the Philadelphia History Museum, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the African American Museum in Philadelphia, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania in the Masonic Temple, and the Eastern State Penitentiary. Philadelphia is home to the United States' first zoo^[142] and hospital,^[143] as well as Fairmount Park, one of America's oldest and largest urban parks,^[19] founded in 1855.^[144]

The city is home to important archival repositories, including the Library Company of Philadelphia, established in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin,^[145] and the Athenaeum of Philadelphia, founded in 1814.^[146] The Presbyterian Historical Society is the country's oldest denominational historical society, organized in 1852.^[147]

Arts

The city contains many art museums, such as the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Rodin Museum, which holds the largest collection of work by Auguste Rodin outside France. The city's major art museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, is one of the largest art museums in the world. The long flight of steps to the Art Museum's main entrance became famous after the film Rocky (1976).^[148]

The city is home to the Philadelphia Sketch Club, one of the country's oldest artists' clubs,^[149] and The Plastic Club, started by women excluded from the Sketch Club.^[150] Many Old City art galleries stay open late on the First Friday event of each month.^[151] Annual events include film festivals and parades, the most famous being the Thanksgiving Day Parade and the Mummers Parade on New Year's Day.

Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life. The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, home of the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Academy of Music, home of Opera Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet.^[148] The Wilma Theatre and the Philadelphia Theatre Company at the Suzanne Roberts Theatre produce a variety of new plays.^[152][153] Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre, claimed to be America's oldest and most subscribed-to theater in the world,^[154] and the Lantern Theater Company at St. Stephens Episcopal Church.^[155]

Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city.^[156] In 1872, the Association for Public Art (formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association) was created as the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning.^[157] In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Art ordinance, the first for a U.S. city.^[158] The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture, the city's art agency.^[159]

Philadelphia has more murals than any other U.S. city, thanks in part to the 1984 creation of the Department of Recreation's Mural Arts Program, which seeks to beautify neighborhoods and provide an outlet for graffiti artists. The program has funded more than 2,800 murals by professional, staff and volunteer artists and educated more than 20,000 youth in underserved neighborhoods throughout Philadelphia.^[160]

Music

Philadelphia has played a prominent role in the music of the United States. The culture of American popular music has been influenced by significant contributions of Philadelphia area musicians and producers, in both the recording and broadcasting industries. In 1952, the teen dance party program called Bandstand premiered on local television, hosted by Bob Horn. The show was renamed American Bandstand in 1957 when it began national syndication on ABC, hosted by Dick Clark and produced in Philadelphia until 1964 when it moved to Los Angeles.^[161] Promoters marketed youthful musical artists known as teen idols to appeal to the young audience. Philadelphia-born singers such as Frankie Avalon, James Darren, Eddie Fisher, Fabian Forte, and Bobby Rydell, along with South Philly-raised Chubby Checker, topped the music charts, establishing a clean-cut rock and roll image.

Philly soul music of the late 1960s–1970s is a highly produced version of soul music which led to later forms of popular music such as disco and urban contemporary rhythm and blues.^[162] On July 13, 1985, John F. Kennedy Stadium was the American venue for the Live Aid concert.^[163] The city also hosted the Live 8 concert, which attracted about 700,000 people to the Benjamin Franklin Parkway on July 2, 2005.^[164] Famous rock and pop musicians from Philadelphia or its suburbs include Bill Haley & His Comets, Todd Rundgren and Nazz, Hall & Oates, The Hooters, Ween, Cinderella, and Pink. Local hip-hop artists include The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Schoolly D, Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, and Meek Mill.

The Curtis Institute of Music is one of the world's premier conservatories. The Philadelphia Orchestra is generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States. The orchestra performs at the Kimmel Center^[165] and has a summer concert series at the Mann Center for the Performing Arts.^[166]Opera Philadelphia performs at the nation's oldest continually operating opera house—the Academy of Music.^[148] The world-renowned Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale has performed its music all over the world.^[167] The Philly Pops plays orchestral versions of popular jazz, swing, Broadway, and blues songs at the Kimmel Center and other venues within the mid-Atlantic region.^[168]

Cuisine

The city is known for its hoagies, stromboli, scrapple, soft pretzels, water ice, Irish potato candy, Tastykakes, and the cheesesteak sandwich which was developed by Italian immigrants.^[169] The Philadelphia area has many establishments that serve cheesesteaks, including restaurants, taverns, delicatessens and pizza parlors.^{[170][171][172]} The originator of the thinly-sliced steak sandwich in the 1930s, initially without cheese, is Pat's King of Steaks, which faces its rival Geno's Steaks, founded in 1966,^[173] across the intersection of 9th Street and Passyunk Avenue in the Italian Market of South Philadelphia.^[174]

McGillin's Olde Ale House, opened in 1860 on Drury Street in Center City, is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city.^[175] The City Tavern is a replica of a historic 18th-century building first opened in 1773, demolished in 1854 after a fire, and rebuilt in 1975 on the same site as part of Independence National Historical Park.^[176] The tavern offers authentic 18th-century recipes, served in seven period dining rooms, three wine cellar rooms and an outdoor garden.^[177]

The Reading Terminal Market is a historic food market founded in 1893 in the Reading Terminal building, a designated National Historic Landmark. The enclosed market is one of the oldest and largest markets in the country, hosting over a hundred merchants offering Pennsylvania Dutch specialties, artisan cheese and meat, locally grown groceries, and specialty and ethnic foods.^[178]

Sports

Philadelphia's first professional sports team was baseball's Athletics, organized in 1860.^[179] The Athletics were initially an amateur league team that turned professional in 1871, and then became a founding team of the current National League in 1876.^[180] The city is one of 13 U.S. cities to have teams in all four major league sports: the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League, the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League, and the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association. The Phillies, formed in 1883 as the Quakers and renamed in 1884,^[181] are the oldest team continuously playing under the same name in the same city in the history of American professional sports.^[182]

The Philadelphia metro area is also home to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. The Union began playing their home games at Talen Energy Stadium in 2010, a soccer-specific stadium in Chester, Pennsylvania.^[183]

The city's professional teams and their fans endured 25 years without a championship, from the 76ers 1983 NBA Finals win^[184] until the Phillies 2008 World Series win.^[185][186] The lack of championships was sometimes attributed in jest to the Curse of Billy Penn after One Liberty Place became the first building to surpass the height of the William Penn statue on top of City Hall's tower in 1987.^[187] After nine years passed without another championship, the Eagles won their first Super Bowl following the 2017 season.^[188] In 2004, ESPN placed Philadelphia second on its list of The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities.^[189][190] Fans of the Eagles and Phillies were singled out as the worst fans in the country by GQ magazine in 2011, which used the subtitle of "Meanest Fans in America" to summarize incidents of drunken behavior and a history of booing.^[191][192]

Major professional sports teams that originated in Philadelphia but which later moved to other cities include the Golden State Warriors basketball team—in Philadelphia from 1946 to 1962^[193]—and the Oakland Athletics baseball team—originally the Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 to 1954 (a different Athletics team than the one mentioned above).^[194]

Philadelphia is home to professional, semi-professional, and elite amateur teams in cricket, rugby league (Philadelphia Fight), and rugby union. Major running events in the city include the Penn Relays (track and field), the Philadelphia Marathon, and the Broad Street Run. The Philadelphia International Cycling Classic was held annually from 1985 to 2016, but not in 2017 due to insufficient sponsorship.^[195] The Collegiate Rugby Championship is played every June at Talen Energy Stadium in Chester, Pennsylvania.^[196]

Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century.^[197]Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, and each Big Five member has its own boathouse.^[198] Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions, including the annual Dad Vail Regatta, which is the largest intercollegiate rowing event in North America with more than 100 U.S and Canadian colleges and universities participating;^[199] the annual Stotesbury Cup Regatta, which is billed as the world's oldest and largest rowing event for high school students;^[200][201] and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta.^[202] The regattas are held on the Schuylkill River and organized by the Schuylkill Navy, an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers.^[203]

The Philadelphia Spinners were a professional ultimate team in Major League Ultimate (MLU) until 2016. The Spinners were one of the original eight teams of the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL) that began in 2012. They played at Franklin Field and won the inaugural AUDL championship and the final MLU championship in 2016.^[204] The MLU was suspended indefinitely by its investors in December 2016.^[205] As of 2018^[update]the Philadelphia Phoenix continue to play in the AUDL.^[206]

Philadelphia is home to the Philadelphia Big 5, a group of five NCAA Division I college basketball programs. The Big 5 are La Salle, Penn, Saint Joseph's, Temple, and Villanova universities.^[207] The sixth NCAA Division I school in Philadelphia is Drexel University. Villanova won the 2016^[208] and the 2018^[209] championship of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament.

Team	League	Sport	Venue	Capacity	Founded	Championships
Philadelphia Phillies	MLB	Baseball	Citizens Bank Park	46,528	1883	1980, 2008
Philadelphia Eagles	NFL	American football	Lincoln Financial Field	69,176	1933	1948, 1949, 1960, 2017
Philadelphia 76ers	NBA	Basketball	Wells Fargo Center	21,600	1963	1966–67, 1982–83
Philadelphia Flyers	NHL	Ice hockey	Wells Fargo Center	19,786	1967	1973–74, 1974–75
Philadelphia Soul	AFL	Arena football	Wells Fargo Center	17,597	2004	2008, 2016
Philadelphia Union	MLS	Soccer	Talen Energy Stadium	18,500	2010	none

Parks

As of 2014^[update]the total city parkland, including municipal, state and federal parks within the city limits, amounts to 11,211 acres (17.5 sq mi).^[19] Philadelphia's largest park is Fairmount Park which includes the Philadelphia Zoo and encompasses 2,052 acres (3.2 sq mi) of the total parkland, while the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park contains 2,042 acres (3.2 sq mi).^[210] Fairmount Park, when combined with Wissahickon Valley Park, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States.^[19] The two parks, along with the Colonial Revival, Georgian and Federal-style mansions contained in them, have been listed as one entity on the National Register of Historic Places since 1972.^[211]

Law and government

Old City Hall served as Philadelphia's town hall from 1800 to 1854.

From a governmental perspective, Philadelphia County is a legal nullity, as all county functions were assumed by the city in 1952.^[212] The city has been coterminous with the county since 1854.^[47]

Philadelphia's 1952 Home Rule Charter was written by the City Charter Commission, which was created by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in an act of April 21, 1949, and a city ordinance of June 15, 1949. The existing city council received a proposed draft on February 14, 1951, and the electors approved it in an election held April 17, 1951.^[213] The first elections under the new Home Rule Charter were held in November 1951, and the newly elected officials took office in January 1952.^[212]

The city uses the strong-mayor version of the mayor–council form of government, which is led by one mayor in whom executive authority is vested. The mayor has the authority to appoint and dismiss members of all boards and commissions without the approval of the city council. Elected at-large, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but can run for the position again after an intervening term.^[213]

Courts

The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (the First Judicial District of Pennsylvania) is the trial court of general jurisdiction for the city, hearing felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $10,000. The court also has appellate jurisdiction over rulings from the Municipal and Traffic Courts, and some administrative agencies and boards. The trial division has 70 commissioned judges elected by the voters, along with about one thousand other employees.^[216] The court also has a family division with 25 judges^[217] and an orphans' court with three judges.^[218]

As of 2018^[update]the city's District Attorney is Larry Krasner, a Democrat.^[219] The last Republican to hold the office is Ronald D. Castille, who left in 1991 and later served as the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 2008 to 2014.^[220]

The Philadelphia Municipal Court handles misdemeanor and felony criminal cases with maximum incarceration of five years, and civil cases involving $12,000 or less ($15,000 in real estate and school tax cases), and all landlord-tenant disputes. The municipal court has 27 judges elected by the voters.^[221]

Philadelphia Traffic Court is a court of special jurisdiction that hears violations of traffic laws.^[222] As with magisterial district judges, the judges need not be lawyers, but must complete the certifying course and pass the qualifying examination administered by the Minor Judiciary Education Board.^[223][224]

Pennsylvania's three appellate courts also have sittings in Philadelphia. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, the court of last resort in the state, regularly hears arguments in Philadelphia City Hall.^[225] The Superior Court of Pennsylvania and the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania also sit in Philadelphia several times a year.^[226][227] Judges for these courts are elected at large.^[228] The state Supreme Court and Superior Court have deputy prothonotary offices in Philadelphia.^[229][230]

Additionally, Philadelphia is home to the federal United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and the Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, both of which are housed in the James A. Byrne United States Courthouse.^[231][232]

Politics

The current mayor is Jim Kenney who won the election in November, 2015.^[233] Kenney's predecessor was Michael Nutter who had served two terms from 2009 to January 2016.^[234] Kenney is a member of the Democratic Party as all Philadelphia mayors have been since 1952. Philadelphia City Council is the legislative branch which consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at-large, all of whom are elected to four-year terms.^[235] Democrats currently hold 14 seats including nine of the ten districts and five at-large seats, while Republicans hold two at-large seats and the Northeast-based Tenth District. The current council president is Darrell L. Clarke.^[236]

As of December 31, 2016, there were 1,102,620 registered voters in Philadelphia.^[237] Registered voters constitute 70.3% of the total population.^[h]

Presidential Elections Results^[238]

Year	Republican	Democratic	Third Parties
2016	15.3% 108,748	82.3% 584,025	2.4% 16,845
2012	14.0% 96,467	85.2% 588,806	0.8% 5,503
2008	16.3% 117,221	83.0% 595,980	0.7% 4,824
2004	19.3% 130,099	80.4% 542,205	0.3% 1,765
2000	18.0% 100,959	80.0% 449,182	2.0% 11,039
...
1936	36.9% 329,881	60.5% 539,757	2.6% 23,310
1932	54.5% 331,092	42.9% 260,276	2.6% 15,651
...
1892	57.5% 116,685	41.6% 84,470	1.0% 1,947
1888	54.2% 111,358	45.2% 92,786	0.6% 1,300

Philadelphia was a bastion of the Republican Party from the American Civil War until the mid-1930s.^[239][240] The city hosted the first Republican National Convention in 1856.^[241] Democratic registrations increased after the Great Depression; however, the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932 as Pennsylvania was one of only six states won by Republican Herbert Hoover. Voter turnout surged from 600,000 in 1932 to nearly 900,000 in 1936 and Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote. The city has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1936. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even greater in 2012, capturing 85% of the vote. In 2016, Democrat Hillary Clinton won 82% of the vote.^[238]

As a result of the declining population in the city and state,^[242] Philadelphia has only three congressional districts of the 18 districts in Pennsylvania, based on the 2010 Census apportionment:^[243]the 2nd district, represented by Brendan Boyle; the 3rd, represented by Dwight Evans; and the 5th, represented by Mary Gay Scanlon.^[244] All three representatives are Democrats though Republicans still have some support in the city, primarily in the Northeast.^[245]Sam Katz ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in 1999 and 2003, losing to Democrat John Street both times.^[246][247]

Pennsylvania's longest-serving Senator, Arlen Specter,^[248] was an alumnus of the University of Pennsylvania who opened his first law practice in Philadelphia.^[249] Specter served as a Republican from 1981 and as a Democrat from 2009, losing that party's primary in 2010 and leaving office in January 2011.^[250] He had also been assistant counsel on the Warren Commission in 1964 and the city's district attorney from 1966 to 1974.^[249]

Philadelphia has hosted various national conventions, including in 1848 (Whig), 1856 (Republican), 1872 (Republican), 1900 (Republican), 1936 (Democratic), 1940 (Republican), 1948 (Republican), 1948 (Progressive), 2000 (Republican), and 2016 (Democratic).^[251] Philadelphia has been home to one vice president, George M. Dallas,^[252] and one Civil War general, George B. McClellan, who won his party's nomination for president but lost in the general election to Abraham Lincoln in 1864.^[253]

Crime

Police Administration Building (the Roundhouse) in Center City east of Chinatown

The police districts with the highest rates of violent crime are Frankford (15th district) and Kensington (24th district) in the Near Northeast, and districts to the North (22nd, 25th, and 35th districts), West (19th district) and Southwest (12th district) of Center City.^[104] Philadelphia had 525 murders in 1990, a rate of 31.5 per 100,000. An average of about 600 murders occurred each year for most of the 1990s. The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288, then rose to 406 by 2006, before dropping slightly to 392 in 2007.^[254] A few years later, Philadelphia began to see a rapid decline in homicides and violent crime. In 2013, the city had 246 murders, which is a decrease of nearly 40% since 2006.^[255] In 2014, 248 homicides were committed. The homicide rate rose to 280 in 2015, then fell slightly to 277 in 2016, before rising again to 317 in 2017.^[256]

In 2006, Philadelphia's homicide rate of 27.7 per 100,000 people was the highest of the country's 10 most populous cities.^[257] In 2012, Philadelphia had the fourth-highest homicide rate among the country's most populous cities. The rate dropped to 16 homicides per 100,000 residents by 2014 placing Philadelphia as the sixth-highest city in the country.^[104]

In 2004, there were 7,513.5 crimes per 200,000 people in Philadelphia.^[258] Among its neighboring mid-Atlantic cities in the same population group, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. were ranked second- and third-most dangerous cities in the United States, respectively.^[259]Camden, New Jersey, a city directly across the Delaware River from Center City, was ranked as the most dangerous city in the United States.^[259]

The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly since the early years of the 21st century. Shooting incidents peaked at 1,857 in 2006 before declining nearly 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014.^[104] Major crimes have decreased gradually since a peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported. The number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent in three years to 68,815 occurrences in 2014. Violent crimes, which include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery, decreased 14 percent in three years to 15,771 occurrences in 2014.^[104]

Philadelphia was ranked as the 76th most dangerous city in a 2018 report based on FBI data from 2016 for the rate of violent crimes per 1,000 residents in American cities with 25,000 or more people.^[260] The latest four years of reports indicate a steady reduction in violent crime as the city placed 67th in the 2017 report,^[261] 65th in 2016,^[262] and 54th in 2015.^[263]

In 2014, Philadelphia enacted in ordinance decriminalizing the possession of less than 30 grams of marijuana or 8 grams of hashish; the ordinance gave police officers the discretion to treat possession of these amounts as a civil infraction punishable by a $25 ticket, rather than a crime.^[264][265] Philadelphia was at the time the largest city to decriminalize marijuana.^[265] From 2013 to 2018, marijuana arrests in the city dropped by more than 85%.^[264] The purchase or sale of marijuana remains a criminal offense in Philadelphia.^[265]

Media

Newspapers

Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirerfirst published in 1829—the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country—and the Philadelphia Daily Newsfirst published in 1925.^[266] The Daily News has been published as an edition of the Inquirer since 2009.^[267] Recent owners of the Inquirer and Daily News have included Knight Ridder, The McClatchy Company, and Philadelphia Media Holdings, with the latter organization declaring bankruptcy in 2010.^[268] After two years of financial struggle, the newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012.^[268] The two newspapers had a combined daily circulation of 306,831 and a Sunday circulation of 477,313 in 2013^[update]—the eighteenth largest circulation in the country—while the website of the newspapers, Philly.com,^[269] was ranked thirteenth in popularity among online U.S. newspapers by Alexa Internet for the same year.^[270]

Smaller publications include the Philadelphia Tribune published five days each week for the African-American community;^[271]Philadelphia magazine, a monthly regional magazine;^[272]Philadelphia Weeklya weekly alternative newspaper;^[273]Philadelphia Gay Newsa weekly newspaper for the LGBT community;^[274]The Jewish Exponenta weekly newspaper for the Jewish community;^[275]Al Díaa weekly newspaper for the Latino community;^[276] and Philadelphia Metroa free daily newspaper.^[277]

Student-run newspapers include the University of Pennsylvania's The Daily Pennsylvanian,^[278]Temple University's The Temple News,^[279] and Drexel University's The Triangle.^[280]

Radio

The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph's College. The first commercial AM radio stations began broadcasting in 1922: first WIP, then owned by Gimbels department store, followed by WFIL, then owned by Strawbridge & Clothier department store, and WOO, a defunct station owned by Wanamaker's department store, as well as WCAU and WDAS.^[281]

As of 2018^[update]the FCC lists 28 FM and 11 AM stations for Philadelphia.^[282][283] As of December 2017, the ten highest-rated stations in Philadelphia were adult contemporary WBEB-FM (101.1), sports talk WIP-FM (94.1), classic rock WMGK-FM (102.9), urban adult contemporary WDAS-FM (105.3), classic hits WOGL-FM (98.1), album-oriented rock WMMR-FM (93.3), country music WXTU-FM (92.5), all-news KYW-AM (1060), talk radio WHYY-FM (90.9), and urban adult contemporary WRNB-FM (100.3).^[284][285] Philadelphia is served by three non-commercial public radio stations: WHYY-FM (NPR),^[286]WRTI-FM (classical and jazz),^[287] and WXPN-FM (adult alternative music).^[288]

Television

Original WCAU studio at 1622 Chestnut Street

In the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, owned by Philco, became the first television station in Philadelphia. The station became NBC's first affiliate in 1939, and later became KYW-TV (currently a CBS affiliate). WCAU-TV, WFIL-TV, and WHYY-TV were all founded by the 1960s.^[281] In 1952, WFIL (renamed WPVI) premiered the television show Bandstandwhich later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark.^[289]

Each commercial network has an affiliate, and call letters have been replaced by corporate branding for promotional purposes: CBS3, 6ABC, NBC10, PHL17, Fox29, The CW Philly 57, UniMás Philadelphia, Telemundo62, and Univision65. The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WPPT-TV (Philadelphia), WHYY-TV (Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia), WLVT-TV (Lehigh Valley), and NJTV (New Jersey).^[290]

Philadelphia has owned-and-operated stations for all five major English-language broadcast networks: NBC – WCAU-TV, CBS – KYW-TV, ABC – WPVI-TV, Fox – WTXF-TV, and The CW – WPSG-TV. The major Spanish-language networks are Univision – WUVP-DT, UniMás – WFPA-CD, and Telemundo – WWSI-TV.^[290]

As of 2018^[update]the city is the nation's fourth-largest consumer in media market, as ranked by the Nielsen Media Research firm, with nearly 2.9 million TV households.^[291]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Philadelphia is served by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) which operates buses, trains, rapid transit (subway and elevated trains), trolleys, and trackless trolleys (electric buses) throughout Philadelphia, the four Pennsylvania suburban counties of Bucks, Chester, Delaware, and Montgomery, in addition to service to Mercer County, New Jersey (Trenton) and New Castle County, Delaware (Wilmington and Newark, Delaware).^[292] The city's subway system consists of two routes: the subway section of the Market–Frankford Line running east–west under Market Street which opened in 1905 to the west and 1908 to the east of City Hall, and the Broad Street Line running north–south beneath Broad Street which opened in stages from 1928 to 1938.^[294]

Beginning in the 1980s, large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to a lack of funding for equipment and infrastructure maintenance.^{[295][296][297]}

Philadelphia's 30th Street Station is a major railroad station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor with 4.4 million passengers in 2017 making it the third-busiest station in the country after New York City's Pennsylvania Station and Washington's Union Station.^[298] 30th Street Station offers access to Amtrak,^[299] SEPTA,^[300] and NJ Transit lines.^[301] Over 12 million SEPTA and NJ Transit rail commuters use the station each year, and more than 100,000 people on an average weekday.^[298]

The PATCO Speedline provides rapid transit service to Camden, Collingswood, Westmont, Haddonfield, Woodcrest (Cherry Hill), Ashland (Voorhees), and Lindenwold, New Jersey, from stations on Locust Street between 16th and 15th, 13th and 12th, and 10th and 9th Streets, and on Market Street at 8th Street.^[302]

Airports

Two airports serve Philadelphia: the Philadelphia International Airport (PHL) is located 7 mi (11 km) south-southwest of Center City on the boundary with Delaware County, providing scheduled domestic and international air service,^[303] while Northeast Philadelphia Airport (PNE) is a general aviation relief airport in Northeast Philadelphia serving general and corporate aviation.^[304] Philadelphia International Airport is among the busiest airports in the world measured by traffic movements (i.e., takeoffs and landings).^[305] More than 30 million passengers pass through the airport annually on 25 airlines, including all major domestic carriers. The airport has nearly 500 daily departures to more than 120 destinations worldwide.^[303] SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line provides direct service between Center City railroad stations and Philadelphia International Airport.^[306]

Roads

William Penn planned Philadelphia with numbered streets traversing north and south, and streets named for trees, such as Chestnut, Walnut, and Mulberry, traversing east and west. The two main streets were named Broad Street (the north-south artery, since designated Pennsylvania Route 611) and High Street (the east-west artery, since renamed Market Street) converging at Centre Square which later became the site of City Hall.^[307]

Traffic heading into Philadelphia on Interstate 95 during the morning rush hour.

Interstate 95 (the Delaware Expressway) traverses the southern and eastern edges of the city along the Delaware River as the main north-south controlled-access highway, connecting Philadelphia with Newark, New Jersey and New York City to the north and with Baltimore and Washington, D.C. southward. The city is also served by Interstate 76 (the Schuylkill Expressway), which runs along the Schuylkill River, intersecting the Pennsylvania Turnpike at King of Prussia and providing access to Harrisburg and points west. Interstate 676 (the Vine Street Expressway) links I-95 and I-76 through Center City by running below street level between the eastbound and westbound lanes of Vine Street. Entrance and exit ramps for the Benjamin Franklin Bridge are near the eastern end of the expressway, just west of the I-95 interchange.^[308]

The Roosevelt Boulevard and Expressway (U.S. 1) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City via I-76 through Fairmount Park. Woodhaven Road (Route 63) and Cottman Avenue (Route 73) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between I-95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard. The Fort Washington Expressway (Route 309) extends north from the city's northern border, serving Montgomery County and Bucks County. U.S. Route 30 (Lancaster Avenue) extends westward from West Philadelphia to Lancaster.^[308]

Interstate 476 (locally referred to as the Blue Route^[309]) traverses Delaware County, bypassing the city to the west and serving the city's western suburbs, as well as providing a link to Allentown and points north. Interstate 276 (the Pennsylvania Turnpike's Delaware River extension) acts as a bypass and commuter route to the north of the city as well as a link to the New Jersey Turnpike and New York City.^[308]

The Delaware River Port Authority operates four bridges in the Philadelphia area across the Delaware River to New Jersey: the Walt Whitman Bridge (I-76), the Benjamin Franklin Bridge (I-676 and U.S. 30), the Betsy Ross Bridge (New Jersey Route 90), and the Commodore Barry Bridge (U.S. 322 in Delaware County, south of the city).^[310] The Burlington County Bridge Commission maintains two bridges across the Delaware River: the Tacony–Palmyra Bridge which connects PA Route 73 in the Tacony section of Northeast Philadelphia with New Jersey Route 73 in Palmyra, Camden County, and the Burlington–Bristol Bridge which connects NJ Route 413/U.S. Route 130 in Burlington, New Jersey with PA Route 413/U.S. 13 in Bristol Township, north of Philadelphia.^[311]

Bus service

Philadelphia is a hub for Greyhound Lines. The Greyhound terminal is located at 1001 Filbert Street (at 10th Street) in Center City, southeast of the Pennsylvania Convention Center and south of Chinatown.^[312] Several other bus operators provide service at the Greyhound terminal including Fullington Trailways,^[313]Martz Trailways,^[314]Peter Pan Bus Lines,^[315] and NJ Transit buses.^[316]

Other intercity bus services include Megabus with stops at 30th Street Station and the visitor center for Independence Hall,^[317]BoltBus (operated by Greyhound) at 30th Street Station,^[318] and OurBus at various stops in the city.

Rail

Since the early days of rail transportation in the United States, Philadelphia has served as a hub for several major rail companies, particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad. The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated Broad Street Station, then 30th Street Station and Suburban Station, and the Reading Railroad operated Reading Terminal, now part of the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area. The two systems now operate as a single system under the control of SEPTA, the regional transit authority. Additionally, the PATCO Speedline subway system and NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line operate successor services to southern New Jersey.^[319]

In 1911, Philadelphia had nearly 4,000 electric trolleys running on 86 lines.^[320] In 2005, SEPTA reintroduced trolley service to the Girard Avenue Line, Route 15.^[321] SEPTA operates six "subway-surface" trolleys that run on street-level tracks in West Philadelphia and subway tunnels in Center City, along with two surface trolleys in adjacent suburbs.^[322]

Philadelphia is a regional hub of the federally owned Amtrak system, with 30th Street Station being a primary stop on the Washington-Boston Northeast Corridor and the Keystone Corridor to Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. 30th Street also serves as a major station for services via the Pennsylvania Railroad's former Pennsylvania Main Line to Chicago. As of 2017^[update]30th Street is Amtrak's third-busiest station in the country, after New York City and Washington.^[298]

Walk Score ranks

A 2017 study by Walk Score ranked Philadelphia the fifth most walkable major city in the United States with a score of 79 out of 100, in the middle of the "very walkable" range. The city was just edged out by fourth place Miami (79.2), with the top three cities being New York, San Francisco, and Boston. Philadelphia placed fifth in the public transit friendly category, behind Washington, D.C., with the same three cities for walkability topping this category. The city ranked tenth in the bike friendly cities category, with the top three cities being Minneapolis, San Francisco and Portland.^[323]

The readers of USA Today newspaper voted the Schuylkill River Trail the best urban trail in the nation in 2015.^[324]

Utilities

In 1815, Philadelphia began sourcing its water via the Fairmount Water Works located on the Schuylkill River, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, the Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods.^[325] Today, the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) provides drinking water, wastewater collection, and stormwater services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River.^[326] The city has two filtration plants on the Schuylkill River and one on the Delaware River. The three plants can treat up to 546 million gallons of water per day, while the total storage capacity of the combined plant and distribution system exceeds one billion gallons. The wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles (5,885 km) of sewers.^[326]

Exelon subsidiary PECO Energy Company, founded as the Brush Electric Light Company of Philadelphia in 1881 and renamed Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) in 1902, provides electricity to about 1.6 million customers and more than 500,000 natural gas customers in the southeastern Pennsylvania area including the city of Philadelphia and most of its suburbs.^[327] PECO is the largest electric and natural gas utility in the state with 472 power substations and nearly 23,000 miles (37,000 km) of electric transmission and distribution lines, along with 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of natural gas transmission, distribution & service lines.^[328]

Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW), overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, is the nation's largest municipally-owned natural gas utility. PGW serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area.^[329] Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer.^[330][331]

Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215 area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the Bell System went into effect. The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created, with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215. Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997, and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999. A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas (area code 445 to 215, area code 835 to 610) was delayed and later rescinded.^[332] Area code 445 was implemented as an overlay for area codes 215 and 267 starting on February 3, 2018.^[333]

In 2005, a low-cost, citywide Wi-Fi service was approved for installation in the city. Wireless Philadelphia would have been the first municipal internet utility in a large U.S. city, but the plan was abandoned in 2008 as EarthLink pushed back the completion date several times. Mayor Nutter's administration closed the project in 2009 after an attempt to revitalize it failed.^[334]

Notable people

Sister Cities

Chinatown Gate at 10th and Arch (2013), a symbol of Philadelphia's friendship with Tianjin

Philadelphia has eight official sister cities designated by the Citizen Diplomacy International of Philadelphia:^[335]

Philadelphia also has three partnership cities or regions:^[335]

Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities. The Sister Cities Park, a site of 0.5 acres (2,400 sq yd) located at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway within Logan Square, was dedicated in June 1976. The park was built to commemorate Philadelphia's first two sister city relationships, with Tel Aviv and Florence. The Toruń Triangle, honoring the sister city relationship with Toruń, Poland, was constructed in 1976, west of the United Way building at 18th Street and the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Sister Cities Park was redesigned and reopened in 2012, featuring an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia's sister and partnership cities, a café and visitor's center, children's play area, outdoor garden, and boat pond, as well as a pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards.^[347][348]

The Chinatown Gate, erected in 1984 and crafted by artisans of Tianjin, stands astride 10th Street, on the north side of its intersection with Arch Street, as a symbol of the sister city relationship. The CDI of Philadelphia has participated in the U.S. Department of State's "Partners for Peace" project with Mosul, Iraq,^[349] as well as accepting visiting delegations from dozens of other countries.^[350]

Gallery

See additional Media related to Philadelphia at Wikimedia Commons.

See also

Notes

1. ^ Description of the Lenape peoples (Delaware nations) historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous landforms flanking the Delaware River's drainage basin. These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise:
   
   • the shores from the east-shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island (all of both colonial New Amsterdam and New Sweden), and
   • portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today's boundaries—making the eastern bounds of their influence, thence their region extended:
   • westerly past the region around Albany, New York to the Susquehanna River side of the Catskills, then
   • southerly through the eastern Poconos outside the rival Susquehannock lands past Eastern Pennsylvania then southerly past the site of Colonial Philadelphia past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial Delaware.
   
   

   The Susquehanna-Delaware watershed divides bound the frequently contested 'hunting grounds' between the rival Susquehannock peoples and the Lenape peoples, whilst the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range.
   

   
   


2. ^ See North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall (December 19–20, 2009), February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall (February 5–6, 2010), and February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact (February 9–10, 2010). The February 2010 storms contributed to a single month record accumulation of 51.5 in (131 cm). If no snow fell outside of February that season, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th-snowiest. See the Franklin Institute for a visual representation of seasonal snowfall.
   


3. ^ The last occurrence of such a temperature was July 18, 2012.
   


4. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
   


5. ^ Official temperature and precipitation measurements for Philadelphia were taken at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from January 1872 to 19 June 1940, and at Philadelphia Int'l from 20 June 1940 to the present.^[89] Snowfall and snow depth records date to 1 January 1884 and 1 October 1948, respectively.^[83] In 2006, snowfall measurements were moved to National Park, New Jersey directly across the Delaware River from the airport.^[90]
   


6. ^ ^{a b c} From 15% sample
   


7. ^ E.g., in the opening chapter of The Handbook of Language Variation and Change (ed. Chambers et al., Blackwell 2002), J.K. Chambers writes that "variationist sociolinguistics had its effective beginnings only in 1963, the year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report"; the dedication page of the Handbook says that Labov's "ideas imbue every page".
   


8. ^ 1,102,620 / 1,567,872 = 70.3% (registered voters divided by 2016 population estimate)
   

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Further reading

External links

Places adjacent to Philadelphia

Articles Relating to Philadelphia and Philadelphia County

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