Southampton - Wikipedia

Stadt und Gebiet der Einheitsbehörden in England

Southampton
Montage von Southampton. Im Uhrzeigersinn von links oben: Bargate; Guildhall; Oberseite der Westmauern; Wollhaus und Zollhaus; Südwestliches Haus
Spitzname (n): "Soton / So'ton", Das Tor zur Welt
Southampton in Hampshire
im souveränen Bundesstaat	gezeigt ] Vereinigtes Königreich
Teilstaat	England
Region	Südostengland
Zeremonienbezirk	Hampshire	Southampton	Southampton		c. AD43
Status der Stadt	1964
Einheitliche Behörde	1997
Regierung
• Typ	Einheitliche Behörde, Stadt
• Verwaltungsbehörde	Southampton City Council
• Führung	Führer und Kabinett
• Exekutive	Arbeit
• Abgeordnete	Royston Smith (C) Alan Whitehead (L) Caroline Nokes (C)
• Urban	72,8 km 2 )
Bevölkerung
• Gebiet der Stadt und der Einheitsbehörden	236,900 (Rang 57)
• Schätzung ] (2016)	253,651
• Dichte	13.090 / Quadratmeilen (5.055 / km 2 )
• Urban	855,569
• Metro	1,547.000 [2]
• Ethnizität (Schätzung des Vereinigten Königreichs 2005) [5] [5] 9025]	85,9% weiß (77,7% weiß britisch) 8,4% asiatisch 2,2% schwarz. 1,2% andere 2,4% gemischte Rasse
Demonym (19659009) Sotonisch
Zeitzone	UTC + 0 (Mittlere Greenwich-Zeit)
• Sommer (DST)	UTC + 1 (britische Sommerzeit)
Postleitzahl
Vorwahlnummer (n)	023
GVA	2013
• Gesamt	9,7 Mrd. GBP (15,7 Mrd. USD) (12)
• Wachstum		• Pro Kopf	21.400 GBP (34.300 USD) (15)
• Wachstum [19659009]	BIP	51,6 Milliarden US-Dollar [6]
BIP pro Kopf	37.832 US-Dollar [6]
Website	[19456535] www .southampton .gov .uk

Southampton ( ( hören ) ) ist der größte Stadt in der zeremoniellen Grafschaft Hampshire, England. Es ist 69 Meilen (111 km) südwestlich von London und 24 Meilen westlich nordwestlich von Portsmouth. ^[7][8] Southampton ist ein wichtiger Hafen und die dem New Forest am nächsten gelegene Stadt. Es liegt am nördlichsten Punkt von Southampton Water am Zusammenfluss der Flüsse Test und Itchen ^[9] wobei sich der Fluss Hamble im Süden des Stadtgebiets anschließt. Die Stadt, die eine einheitliche Behörde ist, hat eine geschätzte Bevölkerung von 253.651. ^[3] Der Name der Stadt wird manchmal schriftlich mit "So'ton" oder "Soton" abgekürzt, und ein Einwohner von Southampton wird Sotonian genannt. [19659086ZudenbedeutendenArbeitgeberninderStadtzählenderSouthamptonCityCouncildieUniversityofSouthamptondieSolentUniversityderSouthamptonAirportderOrdnanceSurveyderBBCSouthderNHSABPundCarnivalUK^[11] Southampton ist bekannt für seine Verbindung mit dem RMS Titanic ^[12] der Spitfire ^[13] und allgemeiner in der Erzählung des Zweiten Weltkriegs als Ausgangspunkt für den D-Day und in jüngster Zeit als Heimathafen einer Reihe der größten Kreuzfahrtschiffe in die Welt. ^[14] Southampton hat ein großes Einkaufszentrum und ein Einkaufszentrum, Westquay. Im Jahr 2014 genehmigte der Stadtrat eine benachbarte Nachfolge Westquay South, die 2016–2017 eröffnet wurde.

In der Volkszählung von 2001 wurden Southampton und Portsmouth als Teile getrennter städtischer Gebiete erfasst; Zum Zeitpunkt der Volkszählung von 2011 hatten sie sich jedoch unpolitisch zusammengeschlossen und waren mit 855.569 Einwohnern die sechstgrößte bebaute Fläche Englands. ^[1] Diese bebaute Fläche ist Teil des Ballungsraums South Hampshire, der als South Hampshire bekannt ist ist auch als Solent City bekannt, insbesondere in den Medien, wenn es um organisatorische Änderungen der lokalen Verwaltung geht. Mit über 1,5 Millionen Einwohnern ist die Region damit eine der bevölkerungsreichsten Ballungszentren des Vereinigten Königreichs. ^[2]

Geschichte [ edit

Früher Southampton [ edit ]

Archäologische Funde deuten darauf hin, dass das Gebiet seit der Steinzeit besiedelt ist. ^[15] Nach der römischen Invasion Großbritanniens AD 43 und der Eroberung der dortigen Briten AD 70 Die Festungssiedlung Clausentum wurde gegründet. Es war ein wichtiger Handelshafen und ein defensiver Außenposten von Winchester am Standort des modernen Bitterne Manor. Clausentum wurde durch eine Mauer und zwei Gräben verteidigt und soll ein Badehaus enthalten. ^[16] Clausentum wurde erst um 410 verlassen. ^[15]

] Die Angelsachsen bildeten eine neue, größere Siedlung über dem Itchen und konzentrierten sich auf das heutige Stadtgebiet von St. Mary. Die Siedlung war bekannt als Hamwic ^[15] die sich zu Hamtun und dann Hampton entwickelten. ^[17] Archäologische Ausgrabungen dieser Stätte haben eine der besten entdeckt Sammlungen sächsischer Artefakte in Europa. ^[15] Aus dieser Stadt hat die Grafschaft Hampshire ihren Namen.

Wikingerüberfälle ab 840 trugen zum Niedergang von Hamwic im 9. Jahrhundert bei, ^[18] und im 10. Jahrhundert war eine befestigte Siedlung, die zum mittelalterlichen Southampton wurde, gegründet worden. ^[19]

11. – 13. Jahrhundert edit ]

Nach der Eroberung durch die Normannen im Jahr 1066 wurde Southampton zum wichtigsten Transithafen zwischen der damaligen englischen Hauptstadt Winchester und der Normandie. Southampton Castle wurde im 12. Jahrhundert ^[20] erbaut und die Überreste von Kaufmannshäusern aus dem 12. Jahrhundert wie dem König John's House (19459016) und dem Canutes Palace (19459016) zeugen von dem Reichtum, das in den USA existierte Stadt zu dieser Zeit. ^[21] Im 13. Jahrhundert war Southampton ein führender Hafen, der vor allem im Import von französischen Weinen involviert war ^[19] im Austausch für englische Stoffe und Wolle. ^[22]

Das Franziskanerkloster in Southampton wurde um 1233 gegründet. ^[23] Die Brüder errichteten 1290 ein Wasserversorgungssystem, das Wasser von Conduit Head (Reststücke, die in der Nähe von Hill Lane, Shirley überleben, etwa 1,7 km) zum Gelände beförderte des Klosters innerhalb der Stadtmauern. ^{[24] [ Überprüfung erforderlich ]} Weitere Überreste können im Conduit House an der Commercial Road beobachtet werden.

14. Jahrhundert [ edit ]

Teil der Stadtmauern von Southampton

Die Mönche gewährten der Stadt 1310 die Nutzung des Wassers. ^[24]

Die Stadt wurde entlassen 1338 von französischen, genuesischen und monegassischen Schiffen (unter Charles Grimaldi, der die Plünderung benutzte, um das Fürstentum Monaco zu gründen). ^[25] Bei seinem Besuch in Southampton 1339 befahl Edward III., Mauern zu bauen, um die Stadt zu schließen. Der umfassende Umbau - ein Teil der Mauern stammt aus dem Jahr 1175 - gipfelte in der Fertigstellung der Westmauern im Jahre 1380. ^[26][27] Ungefähr die Hälfte der Mauern, 13 der ursprünglichen Türme und sechs Tore überleben. ^{[26] [26]}

Im Jahr 1348 gelangte der Schwarze Tod über Handelsschiffe in Southampton nach England. ^[28]

15. Jahrhundert [ edit

Vor König Heinrichs Abreise zur Schlacht von Agincourt im Jahr 1415 wurden die Rädelsführer des "Southampton Plot" - Richard, Earl of Cambridge, Henry Scrope, 3. Baron Scrope von Masham und Sir Thomas Gray von Heton - angeklagt Sie wurden vor dem Bargate schuldig gesprochen und vor der Bargate hingerichtet. ^[30]

Die Stadtmauer umfasst ] God's House Tower erbaut im Jahr 1417, die erste speziell für Artillerie errichtete Festung in England. ^[31] Im Laufe der Jahre wurde hier der Schütze der Stadt, das Town Gaol und sogar der Vorratsbehälter für Southampton Harbour untergebracht Board. ^[27] Bis September 2011 beherbergte es das Archäologiemuseum. ^[32] Die Mauern wurden im 15. Jahrhundert fertiggestellt, ^[19] aber die spätere Errichtung mehrerer neuer Befestigungsanlagen entlang des Southampton Water und des Solent von Henry VIII bedeutete, dass Southampton entstand war nicht mehr abhängig nach seiner Festung ^[33]

Der Schiffbau war im Mittelalter zu einem wichtigen Wirtschaftszweig für die Stadt geworden. Henry Vs berühmtes Kriegsschiff HMS Grace Dieu wurde in Southampton gebaut und 1418 gestartet. ^[20]

Die Brüder gaben 1420 den Besitz der Wasserversorgung selbst in die Stadt ab ^[24]

Andererseits liegen viele der mittelalterlichen Gebäude, die sich einst in der Stadtmauer befanden, in Trümmern oder sind ganz verschwunden. Von den aufeinanderfolgenden Inkarnationen der Burg Motte und Bailey ist heute nur noch ein Teil der Burgmauer in unmittelbarer Nähe des Castle Way vorhanden. ^[34]

16. und 17. Jahrhundert

Das Kloster wurde 1538 aufgelöst, aber seine Ruinen blieben bis zu ihrer Beseitigung in den 1940er Jahren. ^[23]

Der Hafen war der Ausgangspunkt für die Pilgrim-Väter an Bord der Mayflower Mayflower im Jahre 1620. ^[26] Im Jahre 1642, während des englischen Bürgerkriegs, zog eine parlamentarische Garnison nach Southampton ein. ^[35] Die Royalisten drangen bis nach Redbridge im März 1644 vor, konnten aber die Stadt nicht einnehmen. ^[35]

18. Jahrhundert [ edit ]

Southampton wurde 1740 zu einem Kurort. ^[36] Es war auch in den 1760er Jahren ein beliebter Ort zum Baden im Meer, obwohl es keinen guten Strand gab. ^[36] In West wurden eigens für diesen Zweck errichtete Gebäude errichtet Kai, mit Bädern, die durch den Strom der Flut gefüllt und entleert wurden. ^[36] Die Mechanisierung des Blockherstellungsprozesses aus Southampton, Ingenieur Taylor aus dem 18. Jahrhundert, war ein bedeutender Schritt in der industriellen Revolution. ^[37] Der Hafen wurde für das Militär genutzt Einschiffung, ua während der Kriege des 18. Jahrhunderts mit den Franzosen, ^[38]

19. Jahrhundert [ edit

Die Stadt erlebte während der viktorianischen Ära eine bedeutende Expansion. ^[20] Die Southampton Docks Company wurde 1835 gegründet. ^[20] Im Oktober 1838 wurde der Grundstein für die Docks gelegt ^[20] und das erste Dock wurde 1842 eröffnet ^[20] Die strukturelle und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Docks setzte sich in den nächsten Jahrzehnten fort. ^[20] Die Eisenbahnverbindung nach London wurde im Mai 1840 vollständig eröffnet. ^[20] Southampton wurde später als The Gate to the Empire bekannt. ^[39]

In seinem 1854 erschienenen Buch "Die Kreuzfahrt mit dem Dampfjacht-Nordstern" beschrieb John Choules Southampton folgendermaßen: "Ich kenne kaum eine Stadt, die eine schönere Main Street als zeigen kann Southampton, mit Ausnahme von Oxford: Die High Street öffnet sich vom Kai aus und schlängelt sich unter verschiedenen Namen in eine sanft geschwungene Linie für eineinhalb Meilen, und sie hat eine sehr schöne Breite, die Vielfalt an Stil und Farbe des Materials Gebäude bieten eine Ausstellung von Umrissen, li ght und Farbe, die ich denke, ist selten gleich. Die Geschäfte sind sehr elegant und die Straßen sind äußerst sauber gehalten. "

Der Hafen wurde für die militärische Einschiffung genutzt, einschließlich des Krimkrieges ^[40] und des Burenkrieges. ^[41]

20. Jahrhundert [ ]

Von 1904 bis 2004 war die Werft von Thornycroft ein wichtiger Arbeitgeber in Southampton ^[20] die in den beiden Weltkriegen eingesetzte Schiffe baute und reparierte. ^[20] Im Jahr 1912 wurde die RMS von Titanic abgefertigt Southampton Vier von fünf der Besatzung an Bord des Schiffes waren Sotonians, ^[42] von denen etwa ein Drittel der aus der Stadt kommenden Tragödie umkamen. ^[26] Southampton war später der Heimathafen für die von Cunard betriebenen transatlantischen Passagierdienste ihr Blue Riband Liner RMS Queen Mary und ihr Vizekandidat RMS Queen Elizabeth . 1938 wurden in Southampton Docks auch die Flugboote von Imperial Airways heimisch. ^[20] Southampton Container Terminals wurde erstmals 1968 eröffnet ^[20] und expandierte weiter.

Southampton wurde während des Ersten Weltkrieges zum Militärbunker Nr. 1 ernannt und wurde zu einem wichtigen Zentrum für die Behandlung der zurückgekehrten Verwundeten und Kriegsgefangenen. ^[20] Es war auch ein zentraler Punkt bei den Vorbereitungen für die Invasion Europas im Jahr 1944. ^[20]

Die Supermarine Spitfire wurde in Southampton entworfen und entwickelt und ist aus den Schneider-Trophäen-Flugzeugen der 1920er und 1930er Jahre hervorgegangen. Sein Designer, RJ Mitchell, lebte in der Gegend von Portswood in Southampton, und sein Haus ist heute mit einer blauen Plakette gekennzeichnet. ^[43] Bei einem schweren Bombenanschlag auf die Woolston-Fabrik im September 1940 wurden sowohl die Häuser als auch Häuser in der Nähe zerstört, die Zivilisten töteten Arbeitskräfte. Der zweite Weltkrieg traf Southampton besonders schwer, da er als Handelshafen und Industriegebiet von strategischer Bedeutung war. Vor der Invasion von Europa wurden hier Komponenten für einen Mulberry-Hafen gebaut. ^[20] Nach dem D-Day bearbeiteten Docks in Southampton militärische Fracht, um die Versorgung der Alliierten zu gewährleisten, ^[20] was es zu einem wichtigen Angriffspunkt der Luftwaffen-Bombardements machte Ende 1944. ^[44] Southampton Docks wurde in der Fernsehsendung 24: Live Another Day in Day 9: 9:00 Uhr gezeigt - 22.00 Uhr ^[45]

630 Menschen kamen bei den Luftangriffen auf Southampton ums Leben, und fast 2.000 wurden verletzt, ganz zu schweigen von den Tausenden beschädigten oder zerstörten Gebäuden. 19659184] Taschen aus georgianischer Architektur haben den Krieg überlebt, aber ein Großteil der Stadt wurde zerstört. Seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde es umfangreich saniert. ^[20] Die zunehmende Verkehrsüberlastung in den 1920er-Jahren führte 1932 und 1938 zum teilweisen Abriss der mittelalterlichen Mauern rund um das Bargate. ^[20] Ein großer Teil dieser Mauern ist jedoch noch erhalten.

Eine königliche Charta im Jahr 1952 rüstete das University College in Highfield an der University of Southampton auf. ^[20] Im Jahr 1964 erhielt Southampton den Status einer Stadt und wurde zur City of Southampton, ^[20] Bezirk im Bezirk Hampshire im Jahr 1973.

Der Gemeinderat der Stadt Southampton folgte dem Grafschaftsrat von Hampshire und wurde im April 1997 zu einer einheitlichen Behörde. ^[47]

21. Jahrhundert [ edit

In den 2010er Jahren wurden mehrere Entwicklungen in die Innenstadt von Southampton abgeschlossen. Im Jahr 2016 wurde der Südteil von West Quay oder West Quay South, ursprünglich als West Quay Watermark bekannt, der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht. Sein öffentlicher Platz wurde für mehrere jährliche Veranstaltungen genutzt, wie zum Beispiel eine Eislaufbahn während der Wintersaison ^[48] und eine öffentliche Übertragung der Wimbledon-Tennismeisterschaft. ^[49] Zwei neue Gebäude, die John Hansard Gallery mit City Eye und Ein Nebengebäude für das Nuffield Theatre der University of Southampton wurde 2017 neben mehreren Wohnungen im "Kulturviertel" neben dem Guildhall Square errichtet. ^[50] Im Jahr 2019 erfolgte die Umgestaltung des Einzelhandels- und Unterbringungssektors "Bargate quartier". Das abgerissene Bargate-Einkaufszentrum wird ersetzt und der Zugang zu den zuvor verborgenen Teilen der Stadtmauer wird ermöglicht. ^[51]

Governance [ edit

Nach der Gründung des Hampshire County Council wurde Southampton nach der Tat im Jahre 1888 ein Bezirk in der Grafschaft Hampshire, was bedeutete, dass es viele Merkmale eines Landkreises hatte, aber die Verwaltung wurde nun von der Corporation in Southampton und Großbritannien geteilt der neue Bezirksrat. Es besteht Verwechslungsspielraum in der Tatsache, dass der alte Grafschaftsbezirk Shire mit seinen zugehörigen Assizes als Grafschaft von Southampton ^[52] oder Southamptonshire bekannt war. Dies wurde offiziell in geändert Hampshire im Jahr 1959, obwohl die Grafschaft seit Jahrhunderten allgemein als Hampshire oder Hantscire bekannt war. Southampton wurde 1974 zu einem nichtstädtischen Bezirk.

Southampton als Hafen und Stadt hat eine lange Geschichte der administrativen Unabhängigkeit des umliegenden Landkreises; Bereits in der Regierungszeit von König John wurden die Stadt und ihr Hafen aus dem Gerichtsverfahren des Königs Sheriff in Hampshire entfernt und die Zoll- und Zollrechte wurden den Bürgern von Southampton über den Hafen von Southampton und den Hafen verliehen von Portsmouth; ^[54] wurde diese Steuerfarm für eine Jahresgebühr von 200 £ in der am 9. Juni 1199 in Orival datierten Charta gewährt. Die Definition des Hafens von Southampton war offenbar breiter als heute und umfasste das gesamte Gebiet zwischen Lymington und London Langstone Die Gesellschaft hatte in Newport, Lymington und Portsmouth ansässige Vertreter. ^[55] Durch eine Urkunde von Heinrich VI., Die am 9. März 1446/7 (25 + 26 Hen. VI, m. 32) erteilt wurde, wurden der Bürgermeister, die Gerichtsvollzieher und die Bürgermeister der Städte und Häfen von Southampton und Portsmouth wurden eine Grafschaft eingemeindet und von Hampshire getrennt.

Der Status der Stadt wurde durch eine spätere Charta von Charles I durch sofortige formelle Trennung von Portsmouth und die Anerkennung von Southampton als Grafschaft geändert. In der Charta vom 27. Juni 1640 wurde der formale Titel der Stadt "The Stadt und Landkreis der Stadt Southampton '. Diese Chartas und Royal Grants, von denen es viele gab, legten auch die Verwaltung und Regulierung der Stadt und des Hafens fest, die die "Verfassung" der Stadt blieb, bis die örtliche Regierungsorganisation der späteren viktorianischen Periode, in der ab etwa 1888 der Schauplatz stand, lag Grafschaftsräte in England und Wales sowie Hampshire County Council, der nun einige Funktionen der Regierung in Southampton Town übernahm. In diesem Regime wurden die Stadt und der Landkreis der Stadt Southampton wieder zu einem Kreisbezirk, der für alle Aspekte der Kommunalverwaltung verantwortlich war. Am 24. Februar 1964 änderte sich der Status erneut durch eine Charta von Elizabeth II., Durch die die Stadt und die Grafschaft der Stadt Southampton geschaffen wurden. ^[56]

Die Stadt hat im Laufe der Jahrhunderte viele Änderungen an ihrer Verwaltung erfahren und wurde erneut verwaltungsmäßig unabhängig von Hampshire County, als es am 1. April 1997 aufgrund einer Kommunalreform zu einer einheitlichen Behörde wurde. Dies ist ein Ergebnis des Local Government Act von 1992. Der Bezirk bleibt Teil der Grafschaft Hampshire.

Der Stadtrat von Southampton besteht aus 48 Ratsmitgliedern, drei für jede der 16 Stationen. Die Wahlen zum Rat werden Anfang Mai für ein Drittel der Sitze abgehalten (ein Ratsmitglied für jede Abteilung), die für vier Jahre gewählt werden. Daher finden in drei von vier Jahren Wahlen statt. Die Labour Party hat seit 2012 die Gesamtkontrolle inne. Nach den Wahlen zum Rat von 2018 setzt sich der Rat aus

Es gibt drei Parlamentsmitglieder für die Stadt: Royston Smith (Konservativer) für Southampton Itchen, den Wahlkreis, der den Osten der Stadt abdeckt; Dr. Alan Whitehead (Labor) für den Southampton Test, der den Westen der Stadt abdeckt; und Caroline Nokes (konservativ) für Romsey und Southampton North, die einen nördlichen Teil der Stadt einschließen.

Die Stadt hat einen Bürgermeister und ist eine der 16 Städte in England und Wales, die einen Zeremonien-Sheriff hat, der als Stellvertreter des Bürgermeisters fungiert. Der gegenwärtige und 796. Bürgermeister von Southampton ist Stephen Barnes-Andrews. ^[59] Peter Baillie ist der aktuelle und 581. Sheriff. ^[59] Der Stadtschreier von 2004 bis zu seinem Tod im Jahr 2014 war John Melody, der als Zeremonienmeister fungierte Stadt und mit einem Schrei von 104 Dezibel. ^[60]

Der Stadtrat von Southampton hat Partnerschaften mit Le Havre in Frankreich (seit 1973), ^{[61][62][63][64]} Rems-Murr-Kreis in Deutschland ( seit 1991), ^[63] Triest in Italien (seit 2002); Hampton, Virginia in den USA, ^[65][66][67] Qingdao in China (seit 1998), ^[63] und Busan in Südkorea (seit 1978). ^[68]

Geographie [ .

Die Geographie von Southampton wird durch das Meer und die Flüsse beeinflusst. Die Stadt liegt an der Nordspitze des Southampton Water, einer tiefen Wassermündung, die sich am Ende der letzten Eiszeit gebildet hat. Hier fließen die Flüsse Test und Itchen zusammen. ^[69] Der Test - mit Salzsumpf, der ihn ideal zum Lachsfischen macht ^[70] - läuft am westlichen Rand der Stadt entlang, während der Itchen Southampton in zwei Teile teilt - im Osten und Westen . Das Stadtzentrum liegt zwischen den beiden Flüssen.

Der Stadtkai ist der ursprüngliche öffentliche Kai und stammt aus dem 13. Jahrhundert. Die heutigen östlichen Docks wurden in den 1830er Jahren durch die Landgewinnung des Wattenmeeres zwischen den Itchen & Test-Mündungen angelegt. Die Western Docks stammen aus den 1930er Jahren, als die Southern Railway Company ein umfangreiches Programm zur Landgewinnung und zum Baggern in Auftrag gab. ^[71] Das zur Rekultivierung verwendete Material stammte größtenteils aus dem Baggern von Southampton Water, ^[72] um sicherzustellen, dass der Hafen weiterarbeiten kann große Schiffe.

Southampton Water hat den Vorteil einer doppelten Flut mit zwei Flutspitzen, ^[73] die die Bewegung großer Schiffe erleichtern. ^[74] Dies ist nicht so populär wie die Isle of Wight, ist jedoch eine Funktion der Form und Tiefe des Ärmelkanals. In diesem Gebiet wird der allgemeine Wasserstrom durch weitere lokale Bedingungen verzerrt, die sich über Frankreich erstrecken. ^[75]

Die Stadt liegt im Hampshire-Becken, das auf Kreidebetten liegt. ^[69]

Der River Test verläuft entlang der westlichen Grenze der Stadt und trennt sie vom New Forest. Es gibt Brücken über den Test von Southampton aus, einschließlich der Straßen- und Eisenbahnbrücken in Redbridge im Süden und der Autobahn M27 im Norden. Der Fluss Itchen fließt mitten durch die Stadt und ist an mehreren Stellen überbrückt. Die nördlichste Brücke und die erste Brücke ^[76] befindet sich in Mansbridge, wo die A27 das Itchen kreuzt. Die ursprüngliche Brücke ist für den Straßenverkehr gesperrt, steht aber immer noch für Fußgänger und Radfahrer offen. Der Fluss wird in Swaythling wieder überbrückt, wo Woodmill Bridge die Gezeiten- und Nicht-Gezeitenabschnitte des Flusses trennt. Weiter südlich befindet sich die Cobden Bridge, die bemerkenswert ist, da sie als freie Brücke eröffnet wurde (ursprünglich hieß sie Cobden Free Bridge) und nie eine Mautbrücke war. Stromabwärts der Cobden Bridge befindet sich die Northam Railway Bridge und dann die Northam Road Bridge, die erste große vorgespannte Betonbrücke, die im Vereinigten Königreich gebaut wurde. ^[77] Die südlichste und jüngste Brücke am Itchen ist die Itchen Bridge, eine Mautbrücke.

Gebiete und Vororte [ edit ]

Southampton ist in Gemeindeamten, Vorstädte, Wahlkreise, Kirchengemeinden und andere weniger formale Gebiete unterteilt. Es verfügt über eine Reihe von Parks und Grünflächen. Der größte davon ist der 148 Hektar große Southampton Common, ^[78] von dem Teile für die jährlichen Sommerfeste, Zirkusse und Kirmes genutzt werden. Das Common umfasst Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Center ^[79] auf dem ehemaligen Gelände des Southampton Zoo, ein Planschbecken sowie mehrere Seen und Teiche.

Konzessionsgebiete befinden sich in den Bezirken Weston, Thornhill und Townhill Park. Von allen 354 lokalen Behörden in England steht die Stadt an 96. Stelle. [19459191[80]

In den Jahren 2006/07 wurden 1.267 Wohnhäuser in der Stadt gebaut - die höchste Zahl seit 15 Jahren. Über 94 Prozent dieser Immobilien waren Wohnungen. ^[81]

In Southampton gibt es 16 Wahlbezirke, die jeweils aus länger etablierten Stadtteilen bestehen (siehe unten).

Siedlungen außerhalb der Stadt werden manchmal als Vororte von Southampton betrachtet, darunter Chartwell Green, Chilworth, Nursling, Rownhams, Totton, Eastleigh und West End. Die Dörfer Marchwood, Ashurst und Hedge End können als Vororte von Southampton betrachtet werden.

Klima [ edit ]

Wie in ganz Großbritannien herrscht in Southampton ein ozeanisches Klima (Köppen: Cfb ). Seine südlich gelegene, tiefliegende und geschützte Lage macht es zu einer der wärmeren, sonnigsten Städte in Großbritannien. Es hält seit 1976 den Rekord für die höchste Temperatur in Großbritannien bei 35,6 ° C (96,1 ° F). ^[82][83]

Klimadaten für Southampton, 3 m Höhe, 1981–2010
Monat	Jan	Feb.		April	Mai	Jun	Jul	Aug.	Sep		Nov	Dez	Jahr
Durchschnittlich hohe ° C (° F)	8.4 (47.1)	8.6 (47.5)	11.1 (52.0)	14.0 (57.2)	17.5 (63.5)	20.2 (68.4)	22.4 (72.3)	22.3 (72.1)	19.8 (67.6)	15,6 (60.1)	11.7 (53.1)	8.9 (48.0)	15.1 (59.2)
Durchschnittlich niedrige ° C (° F)	2.9 (37.2)	2.6 (36.7)	4.1 (39.4)	5.7 (42.3)	9.0 (48.2)	11.7 (53.1)	13.7 (56.7)	13.7 (56.7)	11.4 (52.5)	8.9 (48.0)	5.4 (41.7)	3.2 (37.8)	7.7 (45.9)
Durchschnittlicher Niederschlag mm (Zoll)	81.4 (3.20)	58.3 (2.30)	60.0 (2.36)	50.7 (2.00)	49.0 (1.93)	50.4 (1.98)	42.0 (1.65)	50.4 (1.98)	60.4 (2.38)	93.8 (3.69)	94.0 (3.70)	89.2 (3.51)	779.4 (30.69)
Durchschnittliche Regentage (≥ 1,0 mm)	12.2	9.2	10.1	8.8	8.2	7.7	7.4	7.7	8.7	11.5	11.5	11.8	114,7
Mittlere monatliche Sonnenstunden	63.3	84.4	118.3	179.8	212.1	211.2	221.8	207.7	148.1	113,0	76,6	52,9	1.689.3
Quelle Nr. 1: Met Office (Normalen) [84]
Quelle Nr. 2: Berechnet aus Met Office-Daten [85]

Durchschnittliche Seetemperatur ^[86]

[Januar]			[Mai]	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Okt	Nov	Dezember	Jahr
9.5 ° C (49.1 ° F)	9,0 ° C (48,2 ° F)	8.6 ° C (47.5 ° F)	9,8 ° C (49,6 ° F)	11,4 ° C (52,5 ° F)	13,5 ° C (56,3 ° F)	15,3 ° C (59,5 ° F)	16.8 ° C (62.2 ° F)	17,3 ° C (63.1 ° F)	16,2 ° C (61,2 ° F)	14.4 ° C (57.9 ° F)	11,8 ° C (53,2 ° F)	12,8 ° C (55,0 ° F)

Energie [ edit

Geothermisches Kraftwerk von Southampton

Das Zentrum von Southampton befindet sich oberhalb eines großen Warmwasser-Aquifers, der einige Gebäude der Stadt mit geothermischer Energie versorgt. Diese Energie wird in einer Anlage in der Region West Quay im Stadtzentrum von Southampton verarbeitet, dem einzigen Geothermie-Kraftwerk in Großbritannien. Die Anlage liefert privaten Strom für den Hafen von Southampton und Warmwasser für das Southampton District Energy Scheme, das von vielen Gebäuden, einschließlich des Westquay-Einkaufszentrums, genutzt wird. Bei einer 2006 von British Gas durchgeführten Umfrage zu CO2-Emissionen in britischen Großstädten wurde Southampton als eine der Städte mit dem geringsten Kohlendioxidausstoß im Vereinigten Königreich eingestuft. ^[87]

Demographics [ edit ]

Die Bevölkerungsschätzungen für die Jahresmitte 2016 gehen von 254.275 Menschen in der Region Southampton aus. ^[4] Das Amt für nationale Statistik schätzt, dass die Bevölkerungszahl in der Stadt für 2016 bis 2014 auf 281.200 steigen wird, ein Zuwachs von 10,6% im Zeitraum ^[88]

Bei der Volkszählung 2011 lebten in Southampton schätzungsweise 236.900 Menschen. ^[89][3] Es gibt 119.500 Männer in der Stadt und 117.400 Frauen. ^[89] Die 20–24 Altersgruppe ist die bevölkerungsreichste, schätzungsweise 32.300 Menschen fallen in diese Altersgruppe. Next largest is the 25–29 range with 24,700 people and then 30–34 years with 17,800.^[89] By population, Southampton is the largest monocentric city in the South East England region and the second-largest on the South Coast after Plymouth. Furthermore, 92.4 per cent of the city's populace were white—including one per cent white Irish—3.8 per cent were South Asian, 1.0 per cent black, 1.3 per cent Chinese or other ethnic groups, and 1.5 per cent were of mixed race.^[90] Council figures from 2006 suggested a sizeable Polish population in the city, with estimates as high as 20,000.^[91]

Between 1996 and 2004, the population of the city increased by 4.9 per cent—the tenth-biggest increase in England.^[92] In 2005 the Government Statistics stated that Southampton was the third most densely populated city in the country after London and Portsmouth, respectively.^[93] Hampshire County Council expects the city's population to grow by around a further two per cent between 2006 and 2013, adding around another 4,200 to the total number of residents.^[94] The highest increases are expected among the elderly.^[94]

Economy[edit]

In March 2007 there were 120,305 jobs in Southampton, and 3,570 people claiming job seeker's allowance, approximately 2.4 per cent of the city's population.^[95] This compares with an average of 2.5 per cent for England as a whole.

In June 2006, 74.7 per cent of the city's population were classed as economically active.^[95]

Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector. A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third-largest sector is wholesale and retail, which accounts for 16.2 percent.^[95] Between 1995 and 2004, the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent.^[92]

In January 2007, the average annual salary in the city was £22,267. This was £1,700 lower than the national average and £3,800 less than the average for the South East.^[96]

Southampton has always been a port, and the docks have long been a major employer in the city. In particular, it is a port for cruise ships; its heyday was the first half of the 20th century, and in particular the inter-war years, when it handled almost half the passenger traffic of the UK. Today it remains home to luxury cruise ships, as well as being the largest freight port on the Channel coast and fourth-largest UK port by tonnage,^[97] with several container terminals. Unlike some other ports, such as Liverpool, London, and Bristol, where industry and docks have largely moved out of the city centres leaving room for redevelopment, Southampton retains much of its inner-city industry. Despite the still-active and expanding docklands to the west of the city centre, further enhanced with the opening of a fourth cruise terminal in 2009, parts of the eastern docks have been redeveloped; the Ocean Village development, which included a local marina and small entertainment complex, is a good example. Southampton is home to the headquarters of both the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the Marine Accident Investigation Branch of the Department for Transport in addition to cruise operator Carnival UK.^[98][99]

During the latter half of the 20th century, a more diverse range of industry also came to the city, including aircraft and car manufacture, cables, electrical engineering products, and petrochemicals. These now exist alongside the city's older industries of the docks, grain milling and tobacco processing.^[9]

University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust is one of the city's largest employers. It provides local hospital services to 500,000 people in the Southampton area and specialist regional services to more than 3 million people across the South of England. The Trust owns and manages Southampton General Hospital, the Princess Anne Hospital and a palliative care service at Countess Mountbatten House, part of the Moorgreen Hospital site in the village of West End, just outside the city.

Other major employers in the city include Ordnance Survey, the UK's national mapping agency, whose headquarters is located in a new building on the outskirts of the city, opened in February 2011.^[100] The Lloyd's Register Group has announced plans to move its London marine operations to a specially developed site at the University of Southampton.^[101]

Southampton's largest retail centre, and 35th-largest in the UK, is the Westquay Shopping Centre, which opened in September 2000 and hosts major high street stores including John Lewis and Marks and Spencer. The centre was Phase Two of the West Quay development of the former Pirelli undersea cables factory; the first phase of this was the West Quay Retail Park, while the third phase (Watermark WestQuay) was put on hold due to the recession. Work resumed in 2015, with plans for this third stage including shops, housing, an hotel and a public piazza alongside the Town Walls on Western Esplanade.^[102] Southampton has also been granted a licence for a large casino.^[103] A further part of the redevelopment of the West Quay site resulted in a new store, opened on 12 February 2009, for Swedish home products retailer IKEA.^[104] Marlands is a smaller shopping centre, built in the 1990s on the site of the former bus station and located close to the northern side of Westquay. In October 2014, the city council approved a follow-up from the Westquay park, WestQuay Watermark. Construction by Sir Robert McAlpine commenced in January 2015.^[105] Its owners, Hammerson, aim to have at least 1,550 people employed on site at year-end 2016.^[106] Opened in 2016–2017, it has been renamed Westquay South.

Southampton had two disused shopping centres: the 1970s Eaststreet mall, and the 1980s Bargate centre. Neither of these were ever commercially successful. The former was demolished and the site earmarked for redevelopment as a Morrison's supermarket. It was announced in January 2017 that the Bargate Centre is also scheduled for demolition, to be replaced by retail premises, student accommodation and apartments. Included are also proposals to open access to a section of the medieval city wall in that area.^[107] There is also the East Street area which has been designated for speciality shopping, with the aim of promoting smaller retailers, alongside the chain store Debenhams. In 2007, Southampton was ranked 13th for shopping in the UK.^[108]

Southampton's strong economy is promoting redevelopment, and major projects are proposed, including the city's first skyscrapers on the waterfront. The three towers proposed will stand 23 storeys high and will be surrounded by smaller apartment blocks, office blocks and shops. There are also plans for a 15-storey hotel at the Ocean Village marina,^[109] and a 21-storey hotel on the north eastern corner of the city centre, as part of a £100 m development.^[110]

According to 2004 figures, Southampton contributes around £4.2 bn to the regional economy annually. The vast majority of this is from the service sector, with the remainder coming from industry in the city. This figure has almost doubled since 1995.^[111]

Culture, media and sport[edit]

Culture[edit]

SeaCity Museum, Civic Centre

The city is home to the longest surviving stretch of medieval walls in England,^[112] as well as a number of museums such as Tudor House Museum, reopened on 30 July 2011 after undergoing extensive restoration and improvement; Southampton Maritime Museum;^[113] God's House Tower, an archaeology museum about the city's heritage and located in one of the tower walls; the Medieval Merchant's House; and Solent Sky, which focuses on aviation.^[114] The SeaCity Museum is located in the west wing of the civic centre, formerly occupied by Hampshire Constabulary and the Magistrates' Court, and focuses on Southampton's trading history and on the RMS Titanic. The museum received half a million pounds from the National Lottery in addition to interest from numerous private investors and is budgeted at £28 million.

The annual Southampton Boat Show is held in September each year, with over 600 exhibitors present.^[115] It runs for just over a week at Mayflower Park on the city's waterfront, where it has been held since 1968.^[116] The Boat Show itself is the climax of Sea City, which runs from April to September each year to celebrate Southampton's links with the sea.^[117]

The largest theatre in the city is the 2,300-capacity Mayflower Theatre (formerly known as the Gaumont), which, as the largest theatre in Southern England outside London, has hosted West End shows such as Les MisérablesThe Rocky Horror Show and Chitty Chitty Bang Bangas well as regular visits from Welsh National Opera and English National Ballet. There is also the Nuffield Theatre^[118] based at the University of Southampton's Highfield campus, which is the city's primary producing theatre. It was awarded The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre in 2015.^[119] It also hosts touring companies and local performing societies (such as Southampton Operatic Society, the Maskers and the University Players).

There are many innovative art galleries in the city. The Southampton City Art Gallery at the Civic Centre is one of the best known and as well as a nationally important Designated Collection, houses several permanent and travelling exhibitions. The Solent Showcase at Southampton Solent University, the John Hansard Gallery at Southampton University as well as smaller galleries including the Art House^[120] in Above Bar Street provide a different view.^[121] The city's Bargate is also an art gallery run by the arts organisation "a space". A space also run the Art Vaults project, which creatively uses several of Southampton's medieval vaults, halls and cellars as venues for contemporary art installations.

In August 2009, work began on a significant project to create a Cultural Quarter in the city centre, on land adjacent to the Guildhall.^[122]

Music[edit]

Southampton has two large live music venues, the Mayflower Theatre (formerly the Gaumont Theatre) and the Guildhall. The Guildhall has seen concerts from a wide range of popular artists including Pink Floyd,^[123]David Bowie,^[123]Delirious?,^[124]Manic Street Preachers,^[123]The Killers,^[123]The Kaiser Chiefs,^[123]Amy Winehouse, Lostprophets, The Midnight Beast, Modestep and All Time Low.^[123] It also hosts classical concerts presented by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra,^[125] City of Southampton Orchestra,^[126] Southampton Concert Orchestra,^[127]Southampton Philharmonic Choir^[128] Southampton Choral Society,^[129] and the City of Southampton (Albion) Band.^{[citation needed]}

The city also has several smaller music venues, including the Engine Rooms,^[130] The Talking Heads,^[131] The 1865,^[132]The Joiners^[133] and Turner Sims,^[134] as well as smaller "club circuit" venues like Hampton's and Lennon's, and a number of public houses including the Platform tavern, the Dolphin, the Blue Keys and many others. The Joiners has played host to such acts as Oasis, Radiohead, Green Day, Suede, PJ Harvey, the Manic Street Preachers, Coldplay, the Verve, the Libertines and Franz Ferdinand, while Hampton's and Lennon's have hosted early appearances by Kate Nash, Scouting for Girls and Band of Skulls. The nightclub, Junk, has been nominated for the UK's best small nightclub, and plays host to a range of dance music's top acts.

The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R'n'B and garage singer Craig David, Coldplay drummer Will Champion, Voice FM radio presenter Riskology Radcliffe, R.n'B Hip-hop artist Jay Ikwan, former Holloways singer Rob Skipper, 1980s popstar Howard Jones as well as Grammy Award-winning popstar Foxes. The garage scene in Southampton is further championed by the duo Artful Dodger who formed in the city in the late 90's,^[135] as well as the UKG, grime and bassline producer, Royal-T, part of the TQD group formed with DJ Q and Flava D.^[136] Several active rock and metal bands were formed in Southampton, including Band of Skulls, Bury Tomorrow, Creeper and The Delays. Notable bands who are now defunct include Thomas Tantrum (disbanded in 2011), Kids Can't Fly (disbanded in 2014) and Heart in Hand (dispanded in 2015).

Media[edit]

Local media include the Southern Daily Echo newspaper based in Redbridge and BBC Southwhich has its regional headquarters in the city centre opposite the civic centre. From there the BBC broadcasts South Todaythe local television news bulletin and BBC Radio Solent. The local ITV franchise is Meridian, which has its headquarters in Whiteley, around nine miles (14 kilometres) from the city. Until December 2004, the station's studios were located in the Northam area of the city on land reclaimed from the River Itchen. That's Solent is a local television channel that began broadcasting in November 2014, which will be based in and serve Southampton and Portsmouth.

Southampton also has 4 community FM radio stations, the Queens Award-winning Unity 101 Community Radio (www.unity101.org) broadcasting full-time on 101.1 FM since 2006 to the Asian and ethnic communities, and Voice FM (http://www.voicefmradio.co.uk) located in St Mary's, which has been broadcasting full-time on 103.9 FM since September 2011, playing a wide range of music from Rock to Dance music and Top 40. A third station, Awaaz FM (www.awaazfm.co.uk), broadcasts on DAB digital to South Hampshire and will begin broadcasting on the FM dial (99.8 FM) to Southampton in 2018. It caters for the Asian and ethnic community. The fourth community station is Fiesta FM. This station is due to go On Air by mid 2018 on 95 FM

As of November 2017, the most popular commercial radio station is the adult contemporary regional radio station Wave 105 (11.6% listening share in its total survey area^[137]) followed by the hit music station Capital South Coast (7%) a networked station from London with local breakfast and drive shows. Other stations include Heart Hampshire and The Breeze (2.2%), and 106 Sam FM (2.7%) (http://www.samfm.co.uk/southcoast/). In addition, Southampton University has a radio station called SURGE, broadcasting on AM band as well as through the web.

Sport[edit]

Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club—nicknamed "The Saints"—the club plays in the Premier League at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, "The Dell". They reached the top flight of English football (First Division) for the first time in 1966, staying there for eight years. They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27 years (becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992) before they were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in 2012 following a brief spell in the third tier and severe financial difficulties. In 2015, "The Saints" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager Ronald Koeman. Their highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 Football League Cup final and 2003 FA Cup final. Notable former managers include Ted Bates, Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong rivalry between Portsmouth F.C. ("South Coast derby") which is located only about 20 miles (30 km) away.

The two local Sunday Leagues in the Southampton area are the City of Southampton Sunday Football League and the Southampton and District Sunday Football League.

Hampshire County Cricket Club play close to the city, at the Rose Bowl in West End, after previously playing at the County Cricket Ground and the Antelope Ground, both near the city centre. There is also the Southampton Evening Cricket League.

The city hockey club, Southampton Hockey Club, founded in 1938, is now one of the largest and highly regarded clubs in Hampshire, fielding 7 senior men's and 5 senior ladies' teams on a weekly basis along with boys' and girls' teams from 6 upwards.

The city is also well provided for in amateur men's and women's rugby with a number of teams in and around the city, the oldest of which is Trojans RFC who were promoted to London South West 2 division in 2008/9. A notable former player is Anthony Allen, who played with Leicester Tigers as a centre. Tottonians are also in London South West division 2 and Southampton RFC are in Hampshire division 1 in 2009/10, alongside Millbrook RFC and Eastleigh RFC. Many of the sides run mini and midi teams from under sevens up to under sixteens for both boys and girls.

The city provides for yachting and water sports, with a number of marinas. From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race, which is now known as the Volvo Ocean Race was based in Southampton's Ocean Village marina.

The city also has the Southampton Sports Centre which is the focal point for the public's sporting and outdoor activities and includes an Alpine Centre, theme park and athletics centre which is used by professional athletes. With the addition of 11 other additional leisure ventures which are currently operate by the Council leisure executives. However these have been sold the operating rights to "Park Wood Leisure."^[138]

Southampton was named "fittest city in the UK" in 2006 by Men's Fitness magazine. The results were based on the incidence of heart disease, the amount of junk food and alcohol consumed, and the level of gym membership.^[139] In 2007, it had slipped one place behind London, but was still ranked first when it came to the parks and green spaces available for exercise and the amount of television watched by Sotonians was the lowest in the country. Thousands enter and run the Southampton Marathon in April every year.^[140] Speedway and racing took place at Banister Court Stadium in the pre-war era. It returned in the 1940s after WW2 and the Saints operated until the stadium closed down at the end of 1963. A training track operated in the 1950s in the Hamble area. Greyhound racing was also held at the stadium from 1928 to 1963.

Southampton is also home to two American football teams, the Solent Thrashers, who play at the Test Park Sports Ground, and the Southampton Stags, who play at the Wide Lane Sports Facility in Eastleigh.

The world's oldest surviving bowling green is the Southampton Old Bowling Green, which was first used in 1299.^[141]

Emergency services[edit]

Southampton Central Police Station

Southampton's police service is provided by Hampshire Constabulary. The main base of the Southampton operation is a new, eight-storey purpose-built building which cost £30 million to construct. The building, located on Southern Road, opened in 2011 and is near to Southampton Central railway station.^[142] Previously, the central Southampton operation was located within the west wing of the Civic Centre; however, the ageing facilities and the plans of constructing a new museum in the old police station and magistrates court necessitated the move. There are additional police stations at Portswood, Banister Park and Shirley as well as a British Transport Police station at Southampton Central railway station.

Southampton's fire cover is provided by Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service. There are three fire stations within the city boundaries at St Mary's, Hightown and Redbridge.

The ambulance service is provided by South Central Ambulance Service.

The national headquarters of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency is located in Commercial Road.

According to Hampshire Constabulary figures, Southampton is currently safer than it has ever been before, with dramatic reductions in violent crime year on year for the last three years.
Data from the Southampton Safer City Partnership shows there has been a reduction in all crimes in recent years and an increase in crime detection rates.^[143]
According to government figures Southampton has a higher crime rate than the national average.^[144] There is some controversy regarding comparative crime statistics due to inconsistencies between different police forces recording methodologies. For example, in Hampshire all reported incidents are recorded and all records then retained. However, in neighbouring Dorset crimes reports withdrawn or shown to be false are not recorded, reducing apparent crime figures.^[145]
In the violence against the person category, the national average is 16.7 per 1,000 population while Southampton is 42.4 per 1,000 population. In the theft-from-a-vehicle category, the national average is 7.6 per 1,000 compared to Southampton's 28.4 per 1,000. Overall, for every 1,000 people in the city, 202 crimes are recorded.^[144]
Hampshire Constabulary's figures for 2009/10 show fewer incidents of recorded crime in Southampton than the previous year.^[146]

Education[edit]

The George Thomas building at the University of Southampton

Southampton has two universities, namely the University of Southampton and Southampton Solent University.^[147] Together, they have a student population of 40,000. Though students numbers had increased in the 80s, 90s, and upto 2011 they began to reduce due to changes in immigration rules and dropped further after 2016 due to Brexit. Of these, 2,880 are from EU, and the rest are from UK, Asia and Africa.^[148][149]

The University of Southampton, which was founded in 1862 and received its Royal Charter as a university in 1952, has over 22,000 students.^[150] The university is ranked in the top 100 research universities in the world in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2010. In 2010, the THES - QS World University Rankings positioned the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities in the world. The university considers itself one of the top 5 research universities in the UK.^{[150][151][152]} The university has a global reputation for research into engineering sciences,^[153]oceanography, chemistry, cancer sciences, sound and vibration research,^[154] computer science and electronics and optoelectronics. It is also home to the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (NOCS), the focus of Natural Environment Research Council-funded marine research.

Southampton Solent University has 17,000^[155] students and its strengths are in the training, design, consultancy, research and other services undertaken for business and industry.^[156] It is also host to the Warsash Maritime Academy, which provides training and certification for the international shipping and off-shore oil industries.

In addition to state school sixth forms at St Anne's and Bitterne Park School and an independent sixth form at King Edward's, there are two sixth-form colleges: Itchen College and Richard Taunton Sixth Form College, and a further education college, Southampton City College. A number of Southampton pupils travel outside the city, for example to Barton Peveril College.^{[citation needed]}

There are 79 state-run schools in Southampton, comprising:

• 1 nursery school (The Hardmoor Early Years Centre in Bassett Green)


• 21 infant schools (ages 4 – 7)


• 16 junior schools (ages 7 – 11)


• 24 primary schools (ages 4 – 11)


• 8 secondary schools (ages 11 – 16)


• 2 secondary schools with sixth forms (ages 11–18)


• 2 academies (Oasis Academy Mayfield and Oasis Academy Lord's Hill)


• 5 special schools^[157]

There are also independent schools, including The Gregg School, King Edward VI School and St Mary's Independent School.

Transport[edit]

Road[edit]

Southampton is a major UK port which has good transport links with the rest of the country. The M27 motorway, linking places along the south coast of England, runs just to the north of the city. The M3 motorway links the city to London and also, via a link to the A34 (part of the European route E05) at Winchester, with the Midlands and North. The M271 motorway is a spur of the M27, linking it with the Western Docks and city centre.

Rail[edit]

Southampton Central railway station

Southampton is also served by the rail network, which is used both by freight services to and from the docks and passenger services as part of the national rail system. The main station in the city is Southampton Central. Rail routes run east towards Portsmouth, north to Winchester, the Midlands and London, and westwards to Bournemouth, Poole, Dorchester, Weymouth, Salisbury, Bristol and Cardiff. The route to London was opened in 1840 by what was to become the London and South Western Railway Company. Both this and its successor, Southern Railway, played a significant role in the creation of the modern port following their purchase and development of the town's docks.

Local train services operate in the city and are operated by South Western Railway, with stations at Swaythling, St Denys, Millbrook, Redbridge, Bitterne, Sholing and Woolston. Plans were announced by Hampshire County Council in July 2009 for the introduction of tram-train running from Hythe (on what is now a freight-only line to Fawley) via Totton to Southampton Central Station and on to Fareham via St. Denys, and Swanwick.^[158] The proposal follows a failed plan to bring light rail to the Portsmouth and Gosport areas in 2005.

The town was the subject of an attempt by a separate company, the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway, to open another rail route to the North in the 1880s and some building work, including a surviving embankment, was undertaken in the Hill Lane area.^[159]

Air[edit]

Southampton Airport is a regional airport located in the town of Eastleigh, just north of the city. It offers flights to UK and near European destinations, and is connected to the city by a frequent rail service from Southampton Airport Parkway railway station,^[160] and by bus services.^[161]

For longer flights, Gatwick Airport is linked by a regular rail service, and Heathrow Airport is linked by National Express coach services.

Cruise shipping[edit]

Queen Mary 2 at the new Ocean Terminal, with Isle of Wight passenger ferry Red Jet 3

Southampton's tradition of luxury cruising began in the 1840s, one of the pioneers being P&O who advertised tours to Egypt.^[162]

Many of the world's largest cruise ships can regularly be seen in Southampton water, including record-breaking vessels from Royal Caribbean and Carnival Corporation & plc. The latter has headquarters in Southampton, with its brands including Princess Cruises, P&O Cruises and Cunard Line.

The city has a particular connection to Cunard Line and their fleet of ships. This was particularly evident on 11 November 2008 when the Cunard liner RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 departed the city for the final time amid a spectacular fireworks display after a full day of celebrations.^[163] Cunard ships are regularly christened in the city, for example Queen Victoria was named by HRH The Duchess of Cornwall in December 2007, and the Queen named Queen Elizabeth in the city during October 2011. The Duchess of Cambridge performed the naming ceremony of Royal Princess on 13 June 2013.

At certain times of the year, the Queen Mary 2Queen Elizabeth and Queen Victoria may all visit Southampton at the same time, in an event commonly called 'Arrival of the Three Queens'.

The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises' 175th-anniversary celebrations, which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. AdoniaArcadiaAuroraAzuraOceanaOriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.^[164]

Ferry[edit]

While Southampton is no longer the base for any cross-channel ferries, it is the terminus for three internal ferry services, all of which operate from terminals at Town Quay. Two of these, a car ferry service and a fast catamaran passenger ferry service, provide links to East Cowes and Cowes, respectively, on the Isle of Wight and are operated by Red Funnel. The third ferry is the Hythe Ferry, providing a passenger service to Hythe on the other side of Southampton Water.

Southampton used to be home to a number of ferry services to the continent, with destinations such as San Sebastian, Lisbon, Tangier and Casablanca. A ferry port was built during the 1960s.^[165] However, a number of these relocated to Portsmouth and by 1996, there were no longer any car ferries operating from Southampton with the exception of services to the Isle of Wight. The land used for Southampton Ferry Port was sold off and a retail and housing development was built on the site. The Princess Alexandra Dock was converted into a marina. Reception areas for new cars now fill the Eastern Docks where passengers, dry docks and trains used to be.

Bus[edit]

Buses now provide the majority of local public transport. The main bus operators are First Southampton, Bluestar, Xelabus and Wheelers. The other large service provider is the Unilink bus service (running from early in the morning to midnight), which was commissioned by the University of Southampton to provide transport from the university to the town. Previously run by Enterprise, it is now run by Bluestar. Free buses were provided by City-link',^[166] but the subsidy provided by Southampton City Council was pulled in 2014 and the service now charges passengers £1 flat-rate single fare, with Red Funnel ticket holders continuing to travel free.^[167] The service was rebranded as QuayConnect in May 2016, with a red and white livery on the bus instead of blue. It runs from the Red Funnel ferry terminals at Town Quay to Central station via Westquay and is operated by Bluestar.^[168] There is also a door-to-door minibus service called Southampton Dial a Ride, for residents who cannot access public transport. This is funded by the council and operated by SCA Support Services.

There are two main termini for bus services. First uses stops around Pound Tree Road and Vincent's Walk, except the X4 to Portsmouth and X5 to Gosport, which start and end their journeys from Westquay. This leaves the other terminal of West Quay available for other operators. Unilink passes West Quay in both directions, and the Salisbury Reds X7 service to Salisbury drops passengers off and pick them up there, terminating at a series of bus stands along the road. Certain Bluestar services also do this, while others stop at Bargate and some loop round West Quay, stopping at Hanover Buildings. There was a tram system from 1879 to 1949.

Cycling[edit]

Cycling within Southampton is becoming popular and Southampton City Council announced that is would adopt a new ten year 'Cycling Strategy' from 2017, which would include the construction of multiple cycling highways throughout the city and surrounding suburbs. ^[169]

Notable people[edit]

Craig David was brought up on the Holyrood estate in the city centre

People hailing from Southampton are called Sotonians.^[10]
The city has produced a large number of musicians throughout its history, ranging from hymn writer Isaac Watts, who was born in Southampton in 1674^[170] and whose composition O God, Our Help in Ages Past is played by the bells of Southampton Civic Centre,^[171] to more recent musical acts such as singer Craig David, who grew up on the Holyrood estate,^[172]Coldplay drummer Will Champion^[173] and solo popstar Foxes.

Television personalities from Southampton include comedian Benny Hill^[174] and naturalist Chris Packham,^[175] and in recent years the city has also produced a number of competitive reality television winners such as Matt Cardle (The X Factor2010)^[176] and Shelina Permalloo (MasterChef2012), who operates a Mauritian restaurant named Lakaz Maman in Bedford Place.^[177] Radio personality Scott Mills was also born in Southampton.^[178]

Novelist Jane Austen lived in Southampton for a number of years^[179] and the city has also been home to a number of artists, including Edward John Gregory,^[180] Hubert von Herkomer^[181] and John Everett Millais.^[182]

Sportspeople born in Southampton include rugby union player Mike Brown^[183] and Australian tennis player Wally Masur.^[184]

Being a port city, Southampton has been home to a number of seafarers including Charles Fryatt, who rammed a German U-boat with his civilian ship during World War I;^[185]John Jellicoe, who served as Admiral of the Fleet during the same war and later became Governor-General of New Zealand;^[186] and the last survivor of the RMS TitanicMillvina Dean.^[187]

Richard Aslatt Pearce, the first deaf-mute Anglican clergyman, was born in Portswood, Southampton.^[188]

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External links[edit]

Coordinates: 50°54′N 1°24′W / 50.9°N 1.4°W / 50.9; -1.4